Structural priming: A critical review.

“In contrast, the few previous studies that have examined RT in production priming have found priming effects (Corley and Scheepers, 2002), albeit of a small magnitude (Pickering and Ferreira, 2008) or not aligning with the pattern observed in syntactic choice (Segaert et al.”

“Syntactic priming has been studied most extensively in production (Bock, 1986; Bock & Loebell, 1990; see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“Finally, syntactic priming refers to a tendency to repeat the whole syntactic configurations from the structures the speaker has previously encountered or produced (Branigan, 2007; Ferreira & Bock, 2006; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for recent reviews).”

“Evidence for this comes from structural (or syntactic) priming effects (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008 ).”

“(p. 180) Similarly, Pickering and Ferreira (2008) believed that the learning that happens in syntactic priming is “tacit, incidental, and automatic” (p. 447).”

“Syntactic priming studies have shown that the perception of sentences affects consecutive production (both within and across languages, and in codeswitching, e.g, Fricke & Kootstra, 2016; Hartsuiker & Bernolet, 2017; Loebell & Bock, 2003; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“Pickering and Ferreira (2008), noting the growing evidence of priming across linguistic levels, tasks and timescales, recommended that further research should investigate the application of priming in language learning, including education, bilingual acquisition and treatment of language disorder.”

“Structural priming has been reported in experimental studies (cf. Pickering & Ferreira, 2008), as well as in corpus-based studies (e.g., Gries, 2005).”

“This phenomenon also has been found for individual syntactic constructions in written and spoken language (see Pickering and Ferreira, 2008, for a review) and also in dialogues in online communities (Wang et al., 2014).”

“Priming studies employ the reasoning that if an individual hears, reads, or produces some linguistic material and this exposure influences subsequent language processing, then at some level the individual utilized the same representations (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for review).”

“…effects in different contexts is of much interest to cognitive scientists, as the pattern of priming effects can be revealing about the representations that underlie language use (e.g., Branigan, Pickering, Liversedge, Stewart, & Urbach, 1995; Chang, Dell, & Bock, 2006; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…studies have demonstrated that the processing of a linguistic unit is facilitated by the recent processing of a structurally equivalent form (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008, for a review) and that the priming effect persists also when the sentence prime and the target picture are separated by…”

“Such facilitation effects reflect syntactic (or structural) priming in comprehension (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“This linguistic phenomenon – known as syntactic priming or structural priming – has been widely attested among second language (L2) speakers as well as first language (L1) speakers (for a review of L2 studies, see Jackson, 2017; for a review of L1 studies, see Pickering and Ferreira, 2008).”

“Lastly, we limited our study to priming the production of passives, but future research should also examine cross-linguistic priming in comprehension as it is possible that priming effects may differ in production and comprehension (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“These positive priming effects have been taken as evidence that priming manifests similarly in the L1 and L2, at least in adult L2 learners (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…of language variation and change, even more so because variationist (e.g., Labov 1994: 559; Poplack 1984: 213–214) and psycholinguistic inquiry (e.g. Pickering and Ferreira 2008: 429) have shown that virtually all levels of linguistic analysis (including phonology) display priming–like…”

“Alignment also explains how a listener can complete a speaker's sentence correctly after hearing only a fragment (Garrod & Pickering, 2003 ) and how people can effortlessly and rapidly switch between comprehension and production in dialogue (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008 ).”

“Priming, on the contrary, suggests that linguistic alignment occurs unconsciously and automatically (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008; Reitter et al., 2006) A notable theory in the context of priming and linguistic alignment is the interactive alignment model (IAM) by Garrod and Pickering (2004).”

“Structural priming (Bock, 1986; see Mahowald et al., 2016; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008) refers to the phenomena in which a current sentence is more likely to be repeated or more easily processed when it is structurally similar to a previous (“prime”) sentence.”

“Pickering and Ferreira (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008) reiterate, “structural priming provides evidence for the mental representation of syntax”, and by observing an effect of parallelism in our studies we can assume that the pronoun– antecedent relationship indeed has a mental representation over…”

“…operate at multiple levels (e.g., semantic priming: Meyer & Schvanefeldt, 1971; structural priming: Pickering & Garrod, 2004; Schenkein, 1980; Weiner & Labov, 1983, see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008 for a review), and could thus occur for both constituent order and semantic structure in our sentences.”

“In language processing, priming refers to the process whereby the production or perception of a particular linguistic form – e.g., lexical, syntactic or phonological – facilitates the subsequent production and comprehension of the same, or a similar, form (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“Another term, “structural priming”, is sometimes used interchangeably but could also be used outside syntax and even outside linguistics for entirely different phenomena (Pickering and Ferreira, 2008, pp. 427–428). syntactic priming (see section 1.1.3).”

“From the production side, speakers tend to repeat the syntactic structure they have recently been exposed to (Bock, 1986; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008; Bock & Loebell, 1990; Branigan, Pickering, & Cleland, 2000).”

“…through the process of priming, speakers learn to map a message onto syntactic forms based on prior linguistic experience, creating enduring experience-based adaptations to the production system across the life span (Bock and Griffin, 2000; Chang et al., 2006, 2012; Ferreira and Pickering, 2008).”

“…not certain that these results re fl ect actual spread of emotion but rather a nat-ural alignment of language that has been documented for other word classes (Dale & Spivey, 2006; Dideriksen et al., 2019; Doyle & Frank, 2016; Fernández & Grimm, 2014; Misiek et al., 2020; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“By priming, we mean a phenomenon whereby exposure to a preceding stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention (Branigan, 2007; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…priming and learning from prediction error Research on structural priming in language production and comprehension has shown that language users are more likely to use a particular syntactic structure when they have recently encountered that structure (Bock, 1986; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“This research line has mostly focused on the processing of quantifier scope (see Brasoveanu and Dotlačil to appear for a recent summary) and argument and aspect coercion (see Piñango et al. 2006; Pickering and Ferreira 2008).”

“…of this research has employed language production, showing that the likelihood of a speaker using a certain syntactic structure on a target trial increases if they have been exposed to that structure on a prime trial (for reviews see e.g., Ferreira & Bock, 2006; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“…than English STOR sentences (i.e., a representation that does not involve raising at all), the cross-linguistic priming found in this study would be difficult to interpret, because abstract syntactic representation forms the basis for structural priming in general (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“Specifically, given the clear indication that L2 English speakers struggle with acquiring and using stranded prepositions, together with evidence from L1 structural priming studies that the word order features of sentences are primeable (Hartsuiker et al., 1999; Loebell and Bock, 2003; Pickering and Ferreira, 2008; Po…”

“…such, priming effects are said to have their locus in the activation of abstract representation of syntactic configurations (see Branigan, 2007 and Pickering & Ferreira, 2008 for extensive reviews of the interpretation of structural priming results), and priming studies are designed to uncover…”

“…in many syntactic structures and in many languages and across a wide range of production and comprehension tasks, from laboratory-based controlled experiments to natural discourse (see Branigan & Pickering, 2017, Pickering & Ferreira, 2008 for a review; Mahowald et al., 2016 for a meta-analysis).”

“…supports that long-term structural priming effects reflect a form of implicit language learning, less is agreed on the mechanisms that support such long-lasting changes in the language production system (see Pickering & Ferreira, 2008; Reitter et al., 2011 for review of different theories).”

“Structural priming refers to the predilection for a sentence structure similar to the most recently observed syntactical structure (Pickering and Ferreira 2008).”

“Priming occurs across languages in bilinguals, so long as the utterances are sufficiently similar that they involve the same structural representation (i.e. activate the same combinatorial node; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008; Van Gompel & Arai, 2018).”

“Through an automatic structural priming mechanism (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008), interactive alignment models theorize that entrained behavior at any level of communication will induce entrainment at other levels, with cognitive processes ultimately aligning and resulting in shared conceptualization…”

“…Loebell & Bock, 2003; Schoonbaert, Hartsuiker & Pickering, 2007; Bernolet, Hartsuiker & Pickering, 2007; Hartsuiker, Beerts, Loncke, Desmet & Bernolet, 2016; Bernolet, Hartsuiker & Pickering, 2012; Cai et al., 2011; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008; Chang, Dell & Bock, 2006; Pickering & Branigan, 1998).”

“Structural priming is a methodology based on the phenomenon that people respond preferentially to stimuli (e.g., sentences) structured in the same way as previous stimuli have been (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“In addition, the robust priming obtained in this study might in part be attributed to an inverse-preference effect (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008), which means that less favored structures are more heavily affected by structural priming.”

“A more implicit demonstration of the persistence of incorrect garden-path parses comes from van Gompel, Pickering, Pearson, and Jacob (2006), who relied on structural priming, that is, speakers’ tendency to repeat recently processed syntactic structures (Bock, 1986; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“” ), implicitly priming patients to respond with the same structure ("The chicken poked Dracula ” or “ Dracula was poked by the chicken ” ) 60,61 .”

“This is because L2 learners often struggle with production of a different L2 structure (e.g., Tokowicz&MacWhinney, 2005) and priming is larger in interactive dialogue tasks than noninteractive tasks (Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“Structural priming is generally defined as speakers ’ tendency to reuse a morphosyntactic structure that they have previously produced, heard or read (Branigan & Pickering, 2017; Pickering & Branigan, 1998; Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”

“For a discussion, see Pickering and Ferreira (2008) and van Gompel and Arai (2018). (5)Many of these speakers had some knowledge of a second language (English or French), as that is a requirement at Spanish schools.”

“…described in terms of concepts such as accommodation (Giles et al., 1991; Giles and Ogay 2007), alignment (Pickering and Garrod 2004), co-adaptation (Larsen-Freeman and Cameron 2008; Schmid 2020), dialogic resonance (Du Bois 2014), priming (Pickering and Ferreira 2008) or persistence (Bock 1986).”

“…and Kolk, 1998a; 1998b; Hartsuiker and Westenberg, 2000; Hartsuiker et al., 2004; Huttenlocher et al., 2004; Melinger and Dobel, 2005; Pickering and Branigan, 1998; Potter and Lombardi, 1998; Scheepers, 2003; Segaert et al., 2013 inter alia; for a critical review, see Pickering and Ferreira, 2008).”

“Research has extensively shown that exposure to a syntactic structure influences to different degrees the way we subsequently process a similar structure in comprehension and production in what has been called syntactic priming, structural priming, or structural persistence (e.g., Bock, 1986; Bock and Loebell, 1990; B…”

“, is the priming effect only present in the specific conditions of the experiments we present, and possibly not in others in which distributive readings would be dispreferred? As stated in the Introduction, psycholinguistic literature has suggested that baseline rates can indeed influence priming, giving rise to an in…”

“Some researchers have dubbed this near-mimicry “structural priming,” where passively constructed questions elicit passively constructed answers, and rare inversions of word orders in questions trigger the same inversions in responses (Martin J Pickering & Ferreira, 2008).”