The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Classic research on belief in a Just World (Lerner, 1980;Lerner & Miller, 1978) argues that people are motivated to maintain a view that the world is just by re-appraising the suffering of ostensibly innocent victims to make bad experiences seem more deserved.”
From Victim blaming and belief in karma (2024) · cites this paper as Lerner & Miller, 1978
Citations
Cites
(1969) · Cited by 18,340
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
(1969) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.45.527.642 · Cited by 14,255
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Depression. Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects.
(1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-68-2-502 · Cited by 5,233
Kübler-Ross, E. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 4,935
The processes of causal attribution.
Kelley, H. H. (1973) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0034225 · Cited by 4,025
Langer, E. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311 · Cited by 3,909
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
Bem, D. J. (1967) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0024835 · Cited by 2,959
Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction?
Miller, D. T., & Ross, M. (1975) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0076486 · Cited by 2,575
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,001
Bondt, W. F. M. D., & Thaler, R. H. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.040 · Cited by 82
Just world beliefs in an unjust society: A cross cultural comparison
Furnham, A. F. (1985) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420150310 · Cited by 82
For Whom is this World Just?: Sexual Orientation and AIDS
Anderson, V. N. (1992) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01538.x · Cited by 82
Blaming the victim: Belief in control or belief in justice?
Maes, J. (1994) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02333823 · Cited by 81
Religious Affiliation, Religious Attendance, and Participation in Social Change Organizations
Guo, C., Webb, N. J., Abzug, R., & Peck, L. R. (2013) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764012473385 · Cited by 81
Roch, S. G., Shannon, C., Martin, J. J., Swiderski, D. M., Agosta, J. P., & Shanock, L. R. (2019) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12578 · Cited by 88
Development and initial validation of a procedural and distributive just world measure
Lucas, T., Alexander, S., Firestone, I. J., & LeBreton, J. M. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.008 · Cited by 81
Jost, J. T., Wakslak, C. J., & Tyler, T. R. (2008) · Advances in group processes · doi:10.1016/s0882-6145(08)25012-5 · Cited by 85
Measures of Stereotyping and Prejudice
Fiske, S. T., & North, M. S. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386915-9.00024-3 · Cited by 80
Hafer, C. L., & Correy, B. L. (1999) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022144317302 · Cited by 82
Can the absence of prejudice be more threatening than its presence? It depends on one's worldview.
Townsend, S. S. M., Major, B., Sawyer, P. J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020434 · Cited by 80
Risk taking, frame of reference, and characterization of victim groups in AIDS treatment decisions
Levin, I. P., & Chapman, D. P. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(90)90067-v · Cited by 81
Weber, M., Ziegele, M., & Schnauber, A. (2013) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0328 · Cited by 79
Injustice in School and Students’ Emotions, Well-Being, and Behavior: A Longitudinal study
Pretsch, J., Ehrhardt-Madapathi, N., Engl, L., Risch, B., Röth, J., Schumacher, S., & Schmitt, M. (2015) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-015-0234-x · Cited by 79
Posttraumatic Growth Following a Cancer Diagnosis: Do World Assumptions Contribute?
Carboon, I., Anderson, V. A., Pollard, A. C., Szer, J., & Seymour, J. F. (2005) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/153476560501100406 · Cited by 89
Why did she send it in the first place? Victim blame in the context of ‘revenge porn.’
Mckinlay, T., & Lavis, T. (2020) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2020.1734977 · Cited by 78
Understanding revenge pornography: public perceptions of revenge pornography and victim blaming
Bothamley, S. L., & Tully, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-09-2016-0253 · Cited by 78
“If There Isn't a Problem, You Don't Need a Solution”
Kluegel, J. R. (1985) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/000276485028006004 · Cited by 78
The Protestant Work Ethic and Just World Beliefs in Great Britain and India
Furnham, A. F., & Rajamanickam, R. (1992) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207599208246905 · Cited by 78
van Prooijen, J. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.611 · Cited by 78
Psychological Effects of Victimization: Implications for the Criminal Justice System
Resick, P. A. (1987) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128787033004004 · Cited by 78
Attributing “Third World Poverty” in Australia and Malawi: A Case of Donor Bias?1
Campbell, D., Carr, S. C., & MacLachlan, M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00203.x · Cited by 77
Sullivan, T. P., Schroeder, J. A., Dudley, D. N., & Dixon, J. M. (2010) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/1077801210370027 · Cited by 83
Callan, M. J., Sutton, R. M., Harvey, A. J., & Dawtry, R. J. (2013) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800052-6.00002-0 · Cited by 80
Understanding Affirmative Action
Crosby, F. J. (1994) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.1994.9646071 · Cited by 77
Blaming the Victim Versus Blaming the Perpetrator: An Attributional Analysis of Spouse Abuse
Summers, G., & Feldman, N. S. (1984) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1984.2.4.339 · Cited by 76
What Makes A Homicide Newsworthy?: UK National Tabloid Newspaper Journalists Tell All
Gekoski, A., Gray, J. M., & Adler, J. R. (2012) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azs047 · Cited by 83
Ucar, G. K., Hasta, D., & Malatyalı, M. K. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.021 · Cited by 76
The Motives Underlying Stereotype-Based Discrimination Against Members of Stigmatized Groups
Uhlmann, E. L., Brescoll, V. L., & Machery, É. (2010) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-010-0110-7 · Cited by 75
Omilion‐Hodges, L. M., & Baker, C. R. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.004 · Cited by 75
Cynical beliefs about human nature and income: Longitudinal and cross-cultural analyses.
Stavrova, O., & Ehlebracht, D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000050 · Cited by 77
Cameron, C. A., & Stritzke, W. G. K. (2003) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01935.x · Cited by 74
How do We Know When We are Treated Fairly? Justice Rules and Fairness Judgments
Cropanzano, R., Fortin, M., & Kirk, J. F. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0742-730120150000033010 · Cited by 83
Born that way or became that way: Stigma toward congenital versus acquired disability
Bogart, K. R., Rosa, N. M., & Slepian, M. L. (2018) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430218757897 · Cited by 73
Americans’ Choice of Domestic over Foreign Products
Granzin, K. L., & Olsen, J. E. (1998) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(97)00101-x · Cited by 73
Blame of Victim and Perpetrator in Rape versus Theft
Brems, C., & Wagner, P. (1994) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1994.9711741 · Cited by 73
Feather, N. T. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.2.528 · Cited by 73
The belief in a just world and subjective well-being in old age
Džuka, J., & Dalbert, C. (2006) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860600637778 · Cited by 72
Causal and Moral Responsibility of Victims of Rape and Robbery
Kanekar, S., Pinto, N. J. P., & Mazumdar, D. (1985) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1985.tb00905.x · Cited by 72
Bystanders' Perceptions of Perpetrators and Victims of Hate Crime
Rayburn, N. R., Mendoza, M., & Davidson, G. C. (2003) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260503254513 · Cited by 71
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Sideris, J. H., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.177 · Cited by 71
The Justice Motive: History, Theory, and Research
Ellard, J. H. T., Harvey, A. J., & Callan, M. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3216-0_7 · Cited by 70
CHAPTER 7 A Contextual Analysis of the System Justification Motive and Its Societal Consequences
Kay, A. C., & Zanna, M. P. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195320916.003.007 · Cited by 73
Legends of Hurricane Katrina: The Right to Be Wrong, Survivor-to-Survivor Storytelling, and Healing
Lindahl, C. (2012) · Journal of American Folklore · doi:10.5406/jamerfolk.125.496.0139 · Cited by 69
The Belief in a Just World and Personality: A Meta-analysis
Nudelman, G. (2013) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-013-0178-y · Cited by 75
Student nurses’ de-escalation of patient aggression: A pretest–posttest intervention study
Nau, J., Halfens, R. J. G., Needham, I., & Dassen, T. W. N. (2009) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.11.011 · Cited by 77
Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review
Soprano, M., Roitero, K., Barbera, D. L., Ceolin, D., Spina, D., Demartini, G., & Mizzaro, S. (2024) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672 · Cited by 74
Belief in a Just World When Encountering the 5/12 Wenchuan Earthquake
Xie, X., Liu, H., & Gan, Y. (2011) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916510363535 · Cited by 72
Attributions of responsibility for an incident of sexual harassment in a university setting
Valentine-French, S., & Radtke, H. L. (1989) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289103 · Cited by 68
Reconnecting psychoanalysis to mainstream psychology. Challenges and opportunities.
Bornstein, R. F. (2005) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.22.3.323 · Cited by 67
Self-Anchoring in Conversation: Why Language Users Do Not Do What They “Should”
Keysar, B., & Barr, D. J. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.010 · Cited by 67
Perceived Patient Responsibility and Belief in a Just World Affect Helping
DePalma, M. T., Madey, S. F., Tillman, T. C., & Wheeler, J. (1999) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/15324839951036470 · Cited by 67
How Belief in a Just World Benefits Mental Health: The Effects of Optimism and Gratitude
Jiang, F., Yue, X., Lu, S., Yu, G., & Zhu, F. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-0877-x · Cited by 75
Coping with an unjust fate: The case of structural unemployment
Dalbert, C. (1997) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02683311 · Cited by 66
Durability Bias in Affective Forecasting
Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. P. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.018 · Cited by 66
Making sense of misfortune: Deservingness, self-esteem, and patterns of self-defeat.
Callan, M. J., Kay, A. C., & Dawtry, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036640 · Cited by 75
Trost, Z., Sturgeon, J. A., Guck, A., Ziadni, M. S., Nowlin, L., Goodin, B. R., & Scott, W. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.08.005 · Cited by 65
Topalli, V. (2006) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2006.00167.x · Cited by 66
Victim Blame, Sexism and Just-World Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Pedersen, S. H., & Strömwall, L. A. (2013) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2013.770715 · Cited by 64
McParland, J. L., & Knussen, C. (2009) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.11.016 · Cited by 69
Empathic emotions and justice in society
Hoffman, M. L. (1989) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01048080 · Cited by 64
Moral cleansing as hypocrisy: When private acts of charity make you feel better than you deserve.
O'Connor, K. S., Effron, D. A., & Lucas, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000195 · Cited by 64
Consumers’ Reactions to a Celebrity Endorser Scandal
Fong, C. P. S., & Wyer, R. S. (2012) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20571 · Cited by 63
Allison, S. T., Mackie, D. M., & Messick, D. M. (1996) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60236-1 · Cited by 63
Gordon, R. A. (1990) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00385.x · Cited by 63
Getting and staying in-pace: the “in-synch” preference and its implications for work groups
Bloun, S., & Janicik, G. A. (2004) · Research on managing groups and teams · doi:10.1016/s1534-0856(02)04010-0 · Cited by 63
Pellegrini, R. J., Queirolo, S. S., Monarrez, V. E., & Valenzuela, D. M. (1997) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3c.1139 · Cited by 62
Altruistic Behavior and the Bidimensional Just World Belief
Bègue, L., Charmoillaux, M., Cochet, J., Cury, C., & Suremain, F. D. (2008) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/20445443 · Cited by 62
The victim's experience: Pathways to disclosure.
Browne, A. (1991) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.28.1.150 · Cited by 62
Carr, S. C., MacLachlan, M., & McAuliffe, É. (2005) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203978948 · Cited by 63
Belief in a just world, teacher justice, and student achievement: A multilevel study
Peter, F., Kloeckner, N., Dalbert, C., & Radant, M. (2011) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.09.011 · Cited by 66
Lee, S., Baumgartner, H., & Winterich, K. P. (2018) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1028 · Cited by 66
Schneider, L. J., Ee, J. S., & Aronson, H. (1994) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01544232 · Cited by 61
Kerr, N. L., & Kaufman, C. M. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1996.1319 · Cited by 63
A Developmental Model of Victims' Internal Attributions of Responsibility for Sexual Abuse
Celano, M. (1992) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626092007001005 · Cited by 61
Making Sense of Supervisory Bullying: Perceived Powerlessness, Empowered Possibilities
Lutgen‐Sandvik, P., & McDermott, V. A. (2011) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/10417941003725307 · Cited by 60
Scott, A. J., & Sheridan, L. P. (2010) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160903203961 · Cited by 60
Başoğlu, M., Jaranson, J. M., Mollica, R. F., & Kastrup, M. C. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1295-0_3 · Cited by 60
Losing my religion: A preliminary study of changes in belief pattern after sexual assault.
Ben‐Ezra, M., Palgi, Y., Sternberg, D., Berkley, D., Eldar, H., Glidai, Y., Moshe, L., & Shrira, A. (2010) · Traumatology An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1534765609358465 · Cited by 62
Reactions to victimization and coping strategies of battered women: The ties that bind
Follingstad, D. R., Neckerman, A. P., & Vormbrock, J. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90065-7 · Cited by 60
Schematic integration of traumatic events
Cason, D., Resick, P. A., & Weaver, T. L. (2002) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00085-x · Cited by 59
Gun Ownership and Self‐Serving Attributions for Mass Shooting Tragedies*
Joslyn, M. R., & Haider‐Markel, D. P. (2017) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12420 · Cited by 61
When justice surrenders: The effect of just-world beliefs on aggression following ostracism
Poon, K., & Chen, Z. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.006 · Cited by 59
Galinsky, A. D., Moskowitz, G. B., & Skurnik, I. (2000) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2000.18.3.252 · Cited by 58
Belief in a Personal Just World, Justice Judgments, and Their Functions for Prisoners
Dalbert, C., & Filke, E. (2007) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854807306835 · Cited by 58
Christopher, A. N., Zabel, K. L., Jones, J. R., & Marek, P. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.023 · Cited by 57
Just world beliefs, perceived stress, and health behavior: The impact of a procedurally just world∗
Lucas, T., Alexander, S., Firestone, I. J., & LeBreton, J. M. (2008) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440701456020 · Cited by 57
Social—Environmental Influences on the Chronic Stress Process
Lepore, S. J. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9862-3_5 · Cited by 57
Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2002) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354302012003015 · Cited by 59
Cognitive processes in psychological adaptation to miscarriage: A preliminary report
Tunaley, J. R., Slade, P., & Duncan, S. L. B. (1993) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449308401929 · Cited by 57
Now, Women Do Ask: A Call to Update Beliefs about the Gender Pay Gap
Kray, L. J., Kennedy, J. A., & Lee, M. (2023) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2022.0021 · Cited by 58
Schumann, K., McGregor, I., Nash, K. A., & Ross, M. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036739 · Cited by 57
Gini, G. (2008) · The Elementary School Journal · doi:10.1086/528975 · Cited by 56
Proudfoot, D., & Kay, A. C. (2014) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2014.03.001 · Cited by 65
Feygina, I. (2013) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-013-0189-8 · Cited by 55
Reciprocity and the belief in a just world
Edlund, J. E., Sagarin, B. J., & Johnson, B. S. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.01.007 · Cited by 55
Victims of Community Violence and HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors Among African American Adolescent Males
Voisin, D. R. (2003) · Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention & Education for Adolescents & Children · doi:10.1300/j129v05n03_05 · Cited by 56
Probability Judgment across Cultures
Yates, J. F., Lee, J., Sieck, W. R., Choi, I., & Price, P. C. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.017 · Cited by 55
ATTITUDES TOWARDS JUSTIFYING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN BANGLADESH
Sayem, A. M., Begum, H., & Moneesha, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932012000223 · Cited by 54
Maier, S. L. (2011) · Journal of Forensic Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2011.01118.x · Cited by 61
Metadata
- Authors
- Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- ORCID
- Miller, Dale T.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1978-09
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1030-1051
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2102050923
- Cited by
- 1,687
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 57.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- just world hypothesis, attribution processes, attribution theory, perceived fairness, victim blaming
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review