Cited by 750Psychology of Social InfluenceSocial and Intergroup PsychologyCardiac Arrest and Resuscitation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Ten years of research on group size and helping.

Latané, Bibb, Nida, Steve·1981·Psychological Bulletin

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In the decade following Latane and Darley's publication of the discovery that the presence of other people inhibits an individual from intervening in an emergency, numerous researchers have attempted to replicate this finding, extend its range of applicability, and determine what boundary conditions limit it. In the present article, we review both published and unpublished research, with special attention to the nature of the precipitating incident, the ambiguity of the helping situation, laboratory versus field settings, characteristics of the subjects, of the victim, and of other bystanders, and the amount and kinds of communication among bystanders. We conclude that, despite the great diversity of styles, settings, and techniques among the studies, the social inhibition of helping is a remarkably consistent phenomenon; but we identify some conditions under which the effect can be weakened or eliminated. Finally, we explore the implications of these findings for assessing and increasing a victim's likelihood of receiving help. Some 10 years have passed since Latane and Darley (1970) published their monograph reporting the results of a program of research on bystander intervention in emergencies. This research provided strong support for the general proposition that "the presence of other people serves to inhibit the impulse to help " (p. 38), Their work elicited a good deal of interest, and it has stimulated a large amount of subsequent research in this area. We see at leas…

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.89.2.308

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025589 · Cited by 3,083 · cited 3×
“In the initial study of this type (Darley & Latane, 1968), participants in a group discussion heard (via an intercom) a fellow participant suffer a seizure.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Untitled work
(1970) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,372
Self-citation
The Experience of Living in Cities
Milgram, S. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.167.3924.1461 · Cited by 1,275
Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies.
Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026570 · Cited by 1,252
Self-citation
Good Samaritanism: An underground phenomenon?
Piliavin, I. M., Rodin, J., & Piliavin, J. A. (1969) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028433 · Cited by 516
The yin and yang of progress in social psychology: Seven koan.
McGuire, W. J. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034345 · Cited by 490
A lady in distress: Inhibiting effects of friends and strangers on bystander intervention
Latané, B., & Rodin, J. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(69)90046-8 · Cited by 408
Self-citation

Show all 50 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 750

Diffusion of responsibility on social networking sites
Martin, K. K., & North, A. C. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.049 · Cited by 33
Patterns of cooperation during collective emergencies in the help-or-escape social dilemma
Moussaïd, M., & Trauernicht, M. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33417 · Cited by 40
Virtue, Vice, and Situationism
Bates, T., & Kleingeld, P. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.25 · Cited by 35
“In these cases there was also a marked drop in intervention rates when subjects in the room were in a group compared to subjects who were on their own (Latané and Nida 1981, 312).”
BackgroundResult
Solidarity and Prosocial Behavior: A Framing Approach
Lindenberg, S. M., Fetchenhauer, D., Flache, A., & Buunk, B. P. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-28032-4_1 · Cited by 35
“The large body of literature on helping behavior (see Bierhoff, 2002; Latane and Nida, 1981; Schwartz and Howard, 1982) shows more concern for the role of the situation (for example, clarity of need, number of bystanders, norms).”
Background
Peer Bystanders to Bullying: Who Wants to Play with the Victim?
Howard, A. M., Landau, S. E., & Pryor, J. B. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9770-8 · Cited by 34
“However, previous studies have either examined this phenomenon with adults (Latané and Darley 1970; Latané and Nida 1981) or relied on non-statistical ethnographic data (Thornberg 2010).”
Background
On the benign qualities of behavioral disinhibition: Because of the prosocial nature of people, behavioral disinhibition can weaken pleasure with getting more than you deserve.
van den Bos, K., Lange, P. A. M. V., Lind, E. A., Venhoeven, L. A., Beudeker, D. A., Cramwinckel, F. M., Smulders, L., & van der Laan, J. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023556 · Cited by 34
Recursive mentalizing and common knowledge in the bystander effect.
Thomas, K. A., Freitas, J. D., DeScioli, P., & Pinker, S. A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000153 · Cited by 35
“In other words, if it is indeed true that all that matters is one’s knowledge that other bystanders are present (Latané & Nida, 1981), then rates of helping across the different knowledge levels should be similar, and responsibility should be equally diffused across all levels of beliefs.”
BackgroundInfluential
Organizational Ostracism: A Potential Framework in Order to Deal with It
Mlika, M., Khelil, M. B., & Salem, N. H. (2017) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2017.03.001 · Cited by 39
“Practicing ostracism can be emotionally painful for the actor, and sharing this behavior with other persons helps diffuse responsibility for its hurtful impact on the target [20].”
Background
Eliciting donations to disaster victims: Psychological considerations
Zagefka, H., Noor, M., Brown, R. J., Hopthrow, T., & de Moura, G. R. (2012) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2012.01378.x · Cited by 38
An Exploratory Analysis of College Students’ Response and Reporting Behavior Regarding Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Their Friends
Branch, K. A., Richards, T. N., & Dretsch, E. C. (2013) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260513504494 · Cited by 34
When Is It Acceptable to Lie? Interpersonal and Intergroup Perspectives on Deception
Dunbar, N. E., Gangi, K., Coveleski, S., Adams, A., Bernhold, Q. S., & Giles, H. (2016) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2016.1146911 · Cited by 37
“With respect to intergroup deception relative to interpersonal deception, we suspect that individuals may experience a diffusion of responsibility, a phenomenon associated with the bystander effect (Latané & Nida, 1981), when considering the consequences of telling a lie.”
Background
Social Control Behavior: The Effects of Social Situations and Personal Implication on Informal Social Sanctions
Chekroun, P. (2008) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00141.x · Cited by 34
Heard Shots – Call the Police? An Examination of Citizen Responses To Gunfire
Huebner, B. M., Lentz, T. S., & Schafer, J. A. (2020) · Justice Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07418825.2020.1799063 · Cited by 33
New Directions for Gifted Black Males Suffering From Bystander Effects: A Call for Upstanders
Grantham, T. C. (2011) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2011.603114 · Cited by 33
“…examined people’s responses to others in a crisis or emergency situations (Cramer, McMaster, Bartell, & Dragna, 1988; Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968; Latané & Nida, 1981; Rutkowski, Gruder, & Romer, 1983; Shaffer, Rogel, & Hendrick, 1975; Shotland & Huston, 1979; Thornberg, 2007).”
Understanding Bystander Behavior: The Influence of and Interaction Between Bystander Characteristics and Situational Factors
Brewster, M. P., & Tucker, J. M. (2015) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2015.1009593 · Cited by 33
“Those bystanders who notice the event, view it as an emergency, feel a sense of personal responsibility, and possess the necessary skills and resources will intervene (Latané & Darley, 1970; Latané & Nida, 1981).”
BackgroundInfluential
How Community and Peer Perceptions Promote College Students’ Pro-Social Bystander Actions to Prevent Sexual Violence
Banyard, V. L., Rizzo, A. J., Bencosme, Y., Cares, A. C., & Moynihan, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260518777557 · Cited by 33
Students’ Reasoning About Whether to Report When Others Cheat: Conflict, Confusion, and Consequences
Waltzer, T., Samuelson, A., & Dahl, A. (2021) · Journal of Academic Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10805-021-09414-4 · Cited by 35
Answering accountability questions in sexual harassment: Insights regarding harassers, targets, and observers
O’Leary-Kelly, A. M., Tiedt, P., & Bowes‐Sperry, L. (2004) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2004.02.005 · Cited by 33
Dynamic Social Impact and the Consolidation, Clustering, Correlation, and Continuing Diversity of Culture
Latané, B., & Bourgeois, M. J. (2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470998458.ch10 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention
Rendsvig, R. K. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0435-0 · Cited by 32
“The meta-study (Latané and Nida 1981) strongly indicates that determining social influence occurs in groups of size 2.”
BackgroundMethod
Gearing up sustainability thinking and reducing the bystander effect – A case study of wastewater treatment plants
Seifert, C., Krannich, T., & Guenther, E. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.087 · Cited by 32
Face consciousness and purchase intention of organic food: the moderating effect of purchase situation and advertising appeal
Li, M., & Cui, H.-J. (2021) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-03-2021-0298 · Cited by 28
Problems for clinical judgement: 5. Principles of influence in medical practice.
Redelmeier, D. A., & Cialdini, R. B. (2002) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 32
The Positive Bystander Effect: Passive Bystanders Increase Helping in Situations With High Expected Negative Consequences for the Helper
Fischer, P. A., & Greitemeyer, T. (2012) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2012.697931 · Cited by 32
“Keywords: bystander effect, field experiment, negative consequences, social inhibition, theft ABUNDANT EVIDENCE PROVIDES SUPPORT for the notion that the presence of passive bystanders reduces the probability that people will intervene in emergencies (Latané & Nida, 1981).”
Background
Unpacking User Relations in an Emerging Ubiquitous Computing Environment: Introducing the Bystander
Ferneley, E. H., & Light, B. (2008) · Journal of Information Technology · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000123 · Cited by 31
Identifying and Defending the Hard Core of Virtue Ethics
Alfano, M. (2013) · Journal of Philosophical Research · doi:10.5840/jpr20133812 · Cited by 29
The embarrassed bystander: Embarrassability and the inhibition of helping
Zoccola, P. M., Green, M. C., Karoutsos, E., Katona, S. M., & Sabini, J. P. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.026 · Cited by 30
Sexual orientation harassment in the workplace: When do observers intervene?
Ryan, A. M., & Wessel, J. L. (2011) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.787 · Cited by 30
Prejudiced Behavior Toward Lesbians and Gay Men
Hendren, A., & Blank, H. (2009) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335.40.4.234 · Cited by 30
The implicit identity effect: Identity primes, group size, and helping
Levine, M., Cassidy, C., & Jentzsch, I. (2010) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466609x480426 · Cited by 29
Religious harassment in the workplace: An examination of observer intervention
Ghumman, S. S., Ryan, A. M., & Park, J. S. (2015) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2044 · Cited by 35
A Proposed Model of Support Provided by Two-Earner Couples
Granrose, C. S., Parasuraman, S., & Greenhaus, J. H. (1992) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679204501206 · Cited by 29
The bystander effect in an N-person dictator game
Panchanathan, K., Frankenhuis, W. E., & Silk, J. B. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.06.008 · Cited by 28
The impact of personal responsibility on the (un)willingness to punish non-cooperation and reward cooperation
Molenmaker, W. E., de Kwaadsteniet, E. W., & van Dijk, E. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.02.004 · Cited by 29
“…groups for instance are less likely to help others in emergencies (i.e., bystander apathy; Darley & Latané, 1968; Latané & Darley, 1968; Latané & Nida, 1981), take more risks (i.e., risky shifts; Kogan & Wallach, 1967; Wallach & Kogan, 1965; Wallach, Kogan, & Bem, 1962, 1964), are more…”
Background
Expanding the Situationist Challenge to Reliabilism About Inference
Alfano, M. (2014) · Synthese Library/Synthese library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04672-3_7 · Cited by 27
What Can Student Bystanders Do to Prevent School Violence?
Wilson‐Simmons, R., Dash, K. R., Tehranifar, P., O’Donnell, L. N., & Stueve, A. (2006) · Journal of School Violence · doi:10.1300/j202v05n01_04 · Cited by 27
“While a range of situational and individual factors governing adult bystander behavior in general has been documented (e.g., Kazden, 2000; Latane & Nida, 1981), far less is known about adolescent bystanders, including why they respond as they do to aggressive behavior at school.”
Background
Crowd psychology in South African murder trials.
Colman, A. M. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.10.1071 · Cited by 27
Landau theory of social clustering
Plewczyński, D. (1998) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(98)00349-5 · Cited by 27
When Bad Becomes Good (and Vice Versa): Why Social Exclusion Is Not Based on Difference
Abrams, D. (2004) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203496176-13 · Cited by 27
“To Respond or not to Respond, that is the Question”: The Decision-Making Process of Providing Social Support to Distressed Posters on Facebook
Chang, P. F., Whitlock, J. L., & Bazarova, N. N. (2018) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/2056305118759290 · Cited by 26
Too Reluctant to Reach Out: Receiving Social Support Is More Positive Than Expressers Expect
Dungan, J. A., Gomez, D. M. M., & Epley, N. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221082942 · Cited by 31
The efficacy of cognition- and emotion-based “buy domestic” appeals: Conceptualization, empirical test, and managerial implications
Pullman, M., Granzin, K. L., & Olsen, J. E. (1997) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/s0969-5931(97)00001-2 · Cited by 26
Responsibility is Divisible by Two, But Not by Three or Four: Judgments of Responsibility in Dyads and Groups
Teigen, K. H., & Brun, W. (2011) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2011.29.1.15 · Cited by 26
Framing the detection of financial elder abuse as bystander intervention: decision cues, pathways to detection and barriers to action
Gilhooly, M., Cairns, D., Davies, M. S., Harries, P., Gilhooly, K. J., & Notley, E. (2013) · The Journal of Adult Protection · doi:10.1108/14668201311313578 · Cited by 26
Agent-based modelling as a research tool for criminological research
Gerritsen, C. (2015) · Crime Science · doi:10.1186/s40163-014-0014-1 · Cited by 26
Am I responsible? The joint effect of individual responsibility attributions and descriptive normative climate messages on climate mitigation intentions
Kalch, A., Bilandzić, H., Sappler, A., & Stellinger, S. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101711 · Cited by 31
What Motivates Firms to Contribute to Consortium-Based E-Business Standardization?
Zhao, K., Xia, M., & Shaw, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222280211 · Cited by 25
“according to social psychologists [36, 52], diffusion of responsibility happens if people assume someone else will make the contribution and provide the public good.”
Background
Reverse audience effects on helping in cooperatively breeding marmoset monkeys
Brügger, R. K., Kappeler-Schmalzriedt, T., & Burkart, J. M. (2018) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0030 · Cited by 25
Customer-to-customer interactions in the sport fan context: typology, framework (C2CIF) and directions for future research
Uhrich, S., Grohs, R., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2023) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-03-2022-0095 · Cited by 24
The roles of monitoring and cyberbystanders in reducing sexual abuse
Palasinski, M. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.020 · Cited by 24
Virtually Standing Up or Standing By? Correlates of Enacting Social Control Online
Costello, M., E.Hawdon, J., & Cross, A. B. (2016) · International Journal of Criminology and Sociology · doi:10.6000/1929-4409.2017.06.03 · Cited by 24
Noise induced unanimity and disorder in opinion formation
Kowalska-Styczeń, A., & Malarz, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235313 · Cited by 26
“[20] B.”
MethodInfluential
Why someone did not stop them? Aversive racism and the responsibility of bystanders
Murrell, A. J. (2020) · Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal · doi:10.1108/edi-07-2020-0191 · Cited by 25
Fallibility at Work
Kvalnes, Ø. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-63318-3 · Cited by 30
Serious Game-based Psychosocial Intervention to Foster Prosociality in Cyberbullying Bystanders
Ferreira, P. C., Simão, A. M. V., Paiva, A., Martinho, C., Prada, R., & Rocha, J. (2022) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2022a5 · Cited by 27
Minority Dissent and Social Acceptance in Collaborative Learning Groups
Curșeu, P. L., Schruijer, S. G. L., & Fodor, O. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00458 · Cited by 23
“In line with the positive influence of minority dissent on the depth of information processing in groups we hypothesize that: Hypothesis 1: Minority dissent has a positive influence on group cognitive complexity.”
Background
Science Bubbles
Pedersen, D. B., & Hendricks, V. F. (2013) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-013-0142-7 · Cited by 23
Bystander im Clear-Net – Der Fall Heße
Kron, T., & Laut-Berger, C. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Soziologie · doi:10.1515/zfsoz-2019-0020 · Cited by 22
Why Should I Help You? Man Up! Bystanders’ Gender Stereotypic Perceptions of a Cyberbullying Incident
Weber, M., Viehmann, C., & Schnauber-Stockmann, A. (2018) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1431183 · Cited by 24
The Not-My-Problem Problem
Rosenbaum, L. R. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmms1813431 · Cited by 22
The maintenance of entitativity: a subjective group dynamics approach
Abrams, D., Marques, J. M., de Moura, G. R., Hutchinson, P., & Bown, N. J. (2004) · Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) · Cited by 22
Participant Roles in Bullying
Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., Jenkins, L. N., & Demaray, M. K. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118482650.ch5 · Cited by 26
Global versus local framing of the issue of food waste: The role of Identification With All Humanity and the implications for climate change communication
Pong, V. (2020) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12453 · Cited by 23
Determinanten von Zivilcourage und Hilfeverhalten
Frey, D., Neumann, R., & Schäfer, M. (2001) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-322-97521-8_5 · Cited by 21
Somebody help me, please?!” Interaction Design Framework for Needy Mobile Service Robots
Backhaus, N., Rosen, P. H., Scheidig, A., Groß, H., & Wischniewski, S. (2018) · IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO) · doi:10.1109/arso.2018.8625721 · Cited by 21
The Case for Studying Non-Market Food Systems
Bliss, S. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11113224 · Cited by 24
“And, as suggested above, market participation might make people care less about resultant injustice, because markets diffuse responsibility [110] and evoke selfish, materialistic values.”
Background
Moral Courage
Osswald, S., Frey, D., & Streicher, B. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19035-3_24 · Cited by 26
Donor and recipient: Social development, social interaction, and evolutionary processes
Bierhoff, H. W. (1987) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420170110 · Cited by 21
Group similarity, public self-awareness, and opinion extremity: A social projection explanation of deindividuation effects.
Orive, R. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.47.4.727 · Cited by 21
Moral Courage Training Programs as a Means of Overcoming Societal Crises
Brandstätter, V., & Jonas, K. J. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118347683.ch16 · Cited by 20
INFLUENCING SUBGROUPS OF YOUNG DRIVERS AND THEIR PASSENGERS. MOTIVATIONAL INFLUENCES OF PERSONALITY TRAITS ON RISK-TAKING ATTITUDES AND DRIVING BEHAVIOUR
Ulleberg, P. (2002) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) · Cited by 22
Ostracism and Public Policy
Williams, K. D., & Nida, S. A. (2014) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732214549753 · Cited by 24
Self-citation
Heterogeneous groups overcome the diffusion of responsibility problem in social norm enforcement
Przepiorka, W., & Diekmann, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208129 · Cited by 20
“Research has established several mechanisms involved in helping and other type of volunteering situations [29] and has explored various characteristics attenuating or strengthening diffusion of responsibility (for systematic reviews see [20,30].”
Background
Caring for identified versus statistical lives: An evolutionary view of medical distributive justice
Moore, R. F. (1996) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/s0162-3095(96)00079-9 · Cited by 20
Psychological Evidence in South African Murder Trials
Colman, A. M. (1991) · Figshare · Cited by 20
Teachers’ responses to face-to-face and cyberbullying of colleagues by others in Israeli schools
Dolev-Cohen, M., & Levkovich, I. (2020) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2020.1772159 · Cited by 20
A Simple Game-Theoretic Explanation for the Relationship between Group Size and Helping
Harrington, J. E. (2001) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1006/jmps.1999.1313 · Cited by 19
The Generalized Exchange Perspective on the Evolution of Altruism
Takagi, E. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-85261-9_17 · Cited by 19
Bystander Apathy and Intervention in the Era of Social Media
Lytle, R. D., Bratton, T. M., & Hudson, H. K. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211052 · Cited by 20
Situationism, Moral Improvement, and Moral Responsibility
Waggoner, M., Doris, J. M., & Vargas, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198871712.013.32 · Cited by 18
Collaborative Recall and the Construction of Collective Memory Organization: The Impact of Group Structure
Greeley, G. D., Chan, V., Choi, H., & Rajaram, S. (2023) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12639 · Cited by 21
“Although diffusion of responsibility (Latanè & Nida, 1981) seems an obvious reason for this reduction, evidence instead suggests that individual retrieval strategies are disrupted during collaboration (Basden et al., 1997; Weldon, Blair, & Huebsch, 2000; also see Barber, Harris, & Rajaram, 2015).”
Understanding Content Contribution Behavior in a Geosegmented Mobile Virtual Community: The Context of Waze
Guo, C., Kim, T. H., Susarla, A., & Sambamurthy, V. (2020) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2020.0951 · Cited by 16
People Who Need People (and Some Who Think They Don't): On Compensatory Personal and Social Means of Goal Pursuit
Milyavsky, M., Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Chernikova, M., Ellenberg, M. D., & Pierro, A. (2022) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2022.2037986 · Cited by 21
Infostorms
Hansen, P. G., Hendricks, V. F., & Rendsvig, R. K. (2013) · Metaphilosophy · doi:10.1111/meta.12028 · Cited by 18
Redundant Systems Influences on Performance
Contte, J. M., & Jacobs, R. R. (1997) · Human Performance · doi:10.1207/s15327043hup1004_3 · Cited by 18
Factors influencing decision-making by social care and health sector professionals in cases of elder financial abuse
Davies, M. L., Gilhooly, M., Gilhooly, K. J., Harries, P., & Cairns, D. (2013) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-013-0279-3 · Cited by 18
“Although developed to explain why people fail to act in emergencies (Darley and Latané 1968; Latané and Darley 1968, 1970, 1976; Latané 1981; Latané and Nida 1981), the bystander intervention model has considerable”
Background
Learning to Ignore Online Help Requests
Yechiam, E., & Barron, G. (2003) · Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory · doi:10.1023/b:cmot.0000029054.93142.2b · Cited by 18
“It has been repeatedly shown that the larger the number of possible respondents to a help request, the smaller the probability that any one of them will provide assistance (for a review see Latané and Nida,1981).”
Background
Organizational Behavior Management
Abernathy, W. B., & Lattal, D. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118468135.ch26 · Cited by 18
The Volunteer’s Dilemma Explains the Bystander Effect
Campos‐Mercade, P. (2020) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.11.012 · Cited by 17
The Kitty Genovese Murder and the Social Psychology of Helping
Manning, R., Levine, M., & Collins, A. F. (2007) · Cited by 17
Training Together: How Another Human Trainee’s Presence Affects Behavior during Virtual Human-Based Team Training
Robb, A. C., Kleinsmith, A., Cordar, A., White, C. B., Wendling, A., Lampotang, S., & Lok, B. C. (2016) · Frontiers in ICT · doi:10.3389/fict.2016.00017 · Cited by 16
On Sense-Making Reactions and Public Inhibition of Benign Social Motives
van den Bos, K., & Lind, E. A. (2013) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407188-9.00001-6 · Cited by 18
‘Are theyMypoor?’: The problem of altruism in the world of strangers
Miller, D. E. (2002) · Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy · doi:10.1080/13698230410001702762 · Cited by 17
A Randomized Control Trial for ReDeSign: A Dementia-Friendly Mobile Microlearning Training for Store Workers in Japan
Matsumoto, H., Hagiwara, Y., Yamamoto‐Mitani, N., & Igarashi, A. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac182 · Cited by 17
Turning a Blind Eye to Team Members’ Unethical Behavior: The Role of Reward Systems
Hu, Q., Adam, H., Desai, S. D., & Mo, S. (2024) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-023-05598-4 · Cited by 21
“The most extensively discussed challenge is the propensity for these systems to dilute personal accountability and foster social loafing—a phenomenon where individuals exert less effort when working in teams than alone (Karau & Williams, 1993; Latane & Nida, 1981).”
Obstacles to Ethical Decision-Making: Mental Models, Milgram and the Problem of Obedience
Werhane, P. H., Hartman, L. P., Archer, C., Englehardt, E. E., & Pritchard, M. S. (2013) · Cited by 16
Validation of the Beliefs Against Volunteering Scale among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong
Law, B. M. F., & Shek, D. T. L. (2010) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9617-4 · Cited by 16
“Other studies on helping were done on situational factors, notably the bystander effect ( Latane and Nida 1981 ).”
Background
Fuzzy-Logik für die Soziologie
Kron, T. (2005) · Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie · doi:10.1007/s11614-006-0056-z · Cited by 16
The relation between bystanders’ behavioral reactivity to distress and later helping behavior during a violent conflict in virtual reality
Hortensius, R., Neyret, S., Slater, M., & de Gelder, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196074 · Cited by 16
Reasonable expectations, moral responsibility, and empirical data
Hiller, F. R. (2019) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.1007/s11098-019-01354-5 · Cited by 16

Authors: Latané, B., & Nida, S.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1981-03
Volume: 89
Issue: 2
Pages: 308-324
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.89.2.308
OpenAlex: W2163256700
Cited by: 749
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 26.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Keywords: bystander intervention, group size, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, victim characteristics, boundary conditions, replication

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Ten years of research on group size and helping.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks