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Ten years of research on group size and helping.
Abstract
In the decade following Latane and Darley's publication of the discovery that the presence of other people inhibits an individual from intervening in an emergency, numerous researchers have attempted to replicate this finding, extend its range of applicability, and determine what boundary conditions limit it. In the present article, we review both published and unpublished research, with special attention to the nature of the precipitating incident, the ambiguity of the helping situation, laboratory versus field settings, characteristics of the subjects, of the victim, and of other bystanders, and the amount and kinds of communication among bystanders. We conclude that, despite the great diversity of styles, settings, and techniques among the studies, the social inhibition of helping is a remarkably consistent phenomenon; but we identify some conditions under which the effect can be weakened or eliminated. Finally, we explore the implications of these findings for assessing and increasing a victim's likelihood of receiving help. Some 10 years have passed since Latane and Darley (1970) published their monograph reporting the results of a program of research on bystander intervention in emergencies. This research provided strong support for the general proposition that "the presence of other people serves to inhibit the impulse to help " (p. 38), Their work elicited a good deal of interest, and it has stimulated a large amount of subsequent research in this area. We see at leas…
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“The collected data shows a robust tendency, namely that the chance of help being offered diminishes as the number of witnesses increases.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Nida (1981)
In the citing paper
“Summarizing 33 studies with face-to-face interaction, the effective individual probability of helping was 50%, with an effective individual response rate in groups only 22%.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Nida, 1981
In the citing paper
“Most of these studies involved groups of 2.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Nida, 1981
In the citing paper
“The meta-study (Latané and Nida, 1981) strongly indicates that determining social influence occurs in groups of size 2.”
From Pluralistic ignorance in the bystander effect: informational dynamics of unresponsive witnesses in situations calling for intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Latané and Nida, 1981
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“Latané and Nida (1981) gives an overview of the psychological research in this area.”
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“Interestingly the poor and extremely wealthy give a much higher proportion of their income than the middle class (Silver 1980) and those living in small town/rural settings are more willing to exhibit helping behaviors than city dwellers (Latane and Nida 1981).”
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“…impact of bystander group size received a great deal of support from experimental tests involving staged crimes and emergency situations (e.g., Fischer et al., 2011; Latané & Nida, 1981), tests of the impact of this variable in hypothetical vignette studies are more rare (Levine & Crowther, 2008).”
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“In their review of the literature on the effect of group size on people’s willingness to help somebody in an emergency situation, Latané and Nida (1981) identified three possible theoretical reasons that might explain the deleterious effect exerted by passive bystanders.”
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“Ainda que não ocorra efetiva interação social entre indivíduos que compartilham um dado espaço físico, a presença de outras pessoas ainda é capaz de gerar respostas individuais de cunho emocional, atitudinal e comportamental (Kraut, 1982; Latané & Nida, 1981; Latané & Wolf, 1981).”
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“Due to the fact that no one else is intervening, each individual may perceive the situation as less critical than it actually is (Latané & Nida, 1981).”
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“In other words, victims are more likely to receive assistance when only a single individual witnesses the emergency (Latan´e & Nida,1981).”
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“…intervention, a notion which is generally known in social psychology (Chekroun and Brauer, 2002; Darley and Latané, 1968; Fischer et al., 2011; Latané and Nida, 1981; Polanin et al., 2012), refers to ‘the social action by which a bystander steps in and attempts to prevent a wrongdoer from…”
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“It may be that private chat makes them feel more anonymous and prevents them from being evaluated by others so that evaluation apprehension will not be generated (Latané and Nida, 1981; Fischer et al., 2011).”
BackgroundNon-Demographic versus Demographic Determinants of “Buy Domestic” Activities in Two Nations
Granzin, K. L., & Painter, J. J. (2000) · Journal of Global Marketing · doi:10.1300/j042v13n04_05 · Cited by 7
Conditions of Depleting Offender Behavior in Volunteering Dilemma: An Agent-Based Simulation Study
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Virtue Ethics is Empirically Adequate: A Defense of the Caps Response to Situationism
West, R. (2017) · Pacific philosophical quarterly · doi:10.1111/papq.12196 · Cited by 7
Group moral discount: Diffusing blame when judging group members
Vainapel, S., Weisel, O., Zultan, R., & Shalvi, S. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2106 · Cited by 7
Bystanderintervention bei Cybermobbing.
Obermaier, M., Fawzi, N., & Koch, T. (2015) · Studies in Communication and Media · doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2015-1-28 · Cited by 6
Psychological evidence in Court: Legal developments in England and The United States
Colman, A. M., & Mackay, R. (1994) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683169508411961 · Cited by 7
Multistability of impact, utility and threshold concepts of binary choice models
Ostasiewicz, K., Tyc, M. H., Radosz, A., Magnuszewski, P., Goliczewski, P., Hetman, P., & Sendzimir, J. (2008) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2008.08.006 · Cited by 7
Braslow, A., & Brennan, R. T. (1999) · Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1049023x00027400 · Cited by 7
Jonas, K. W., & Lebherz, C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71633-4_15 · Cited by 7
Researching Violence: Power, Social Relations and the Virtues of the Experimental Method.
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Student motion and it's potential as a classroom performance metric
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Metadata
- Authors
- Latané, B., & Nida, S.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1981-03
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 308-324
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2163256700
- Cited by
- 749
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 26.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Keywords
- bystander intervention, group size, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, victim characteristics, boundary conditions, replication
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