Cited by 750Psychology of Social InfluenceSocial and Intergroup PsychologyCardiac Arrest and Resuscitation

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Ten years of research on group size and helping.

Latané, Bibb, Nida, Steve·1981·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

In the decade following Latane and Darley's publication of the discovery that the presence of other people inhibits an individual from intervening in an emergency, numerous researchers have attempted to replicate this finding, extend its range of applicability, and determine what boundary conditions limit it. In the present article, we review both published and unpublished research, with special attention to the nature of the precipitating incident, the ambiguity of the helping situation, laboratory versus field settings, characteristics of the subjects, of the victim, and of other bystanders, and the amount and kinds of communication among bystanders. We conclude that, despite the great diversity of styles, settings, and techniques among the studies, the social inhibition of helping is a remarkably consistent phenomenon; but we identify some conditions under which the effect can be weakened or eliminated. Finally, we explore the implications of these findings for assessing and increasing a victim's likelihood of receiving help. Some 10 years have passed since Latane and Darley (1970) published their monograph reporting the results of a program of research on bystander intervention in emergencies. This research provided strong support for the general proposition that "the presence of other people serves to inhibit the impulse to help " (p. 38), Their work elicited a good deal of interest, and it has stimulated a large amount of subsequent research in this area. We see at leas…

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“…exclusion can be risky and may elicit anxious feelings since individuals who help an ostracized person face the risk of being excluded themselves (Latane and Nida, 1981) Therefore, another process explaining our findings may be that oxytocin decreases anxious feelings and thus increases…”
Background
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“…and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 297 Such kinds of confrontations reflect social behaviors such as whistle blowing (e.g., Hopman & van Leeuwen, 2009), civil courage, or other costly forms of bystander intervention (Latané & Nida, 1982; Levine & Crowther, 2008) against witnessed norm violations.”
Background
Brief report: The bystander effect in cyberbullying incidents
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Social identity, group processes, and helping in emergencies
Levine, M., & Manning, R. (2013) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2014.892318 · Cited by 114
“Over the years, literature reviews (Dovidio, 1984) and meta-analysis (Latane & Nida, 1981) have established the bystander effect as one of the most robust and reproduced in social psychology.”
Background
Use of Individual-Level Data to Investigate Group Phenomena Issues and Strategies
Hoyle, R. H., & Crawford, A. M. (1994) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496494254003 · Cited by 103
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“Finally, research suggests that the likelihood of helping behavior is lower as the size of cities increases (Batson, 1998; Latané & Nida, 1981).”
Background
Public Responses to Intimate Partner Violence Against Women: The Influence of Perceived Severity and Personal Responsibility
Gracia, E., Pérez, J. F. G., & Lila, M. (2009) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600002018 · Cited by 98

Authors: Latané, B., & Nida, S.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1981-03
Volume: 89
Issue: 2
Pages: 308-324
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.89.2.308
OpenAlex: W2163256700
Cited by: 749
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 26.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
Keywords: bystander intervention, group size, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, victim characteristics, boundary conditions, replication

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