The DOI matches its Crossref record; 181 of the 183 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.
Abstract
Conventional wisdom has regarded low self-esteem as an important cause of violence, but the opposite view is theoretically viable. An interdisciplinary review of evidence about aggression, crime, and violence contradicted the view that low self-esteem is an important cause. Instead, violence appears to be most commonly a result of threatened egotism--that is, highly favorable views of self that are disputed by some person or circumstance. Inflated, unstable, or tentative beliefs in the self's superiority may be most prone to encountering threats and hence to causing violence. The mediating process may involve directing anger outward as a way of avoiding a downward revision of the self-concept.
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“A large body of evidence suggests that individuals who do not meet the status expectations they feel entitled to are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior (Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996; Denissen et al., 2018; Krizan & Johar, 2015; Rasmussen, 2016).”
From The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit (2020) · cites this paper as Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996
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Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436
“Nonetheless, most self-esteem measures do not distinguish between high-esteem individuals who feel superior to others and those who do not, and researchers such as Roy Baumeister and colleagues (Baumeister et al., 2000; Baumeister et al., 1996) argue that a significant subset of high self-esteem individuals are also n…”
Self-Compassion: An Alternative Conceptualization of a Healthy Attitude Toward Oneself
NEFF, K. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309032 · Cited by 5,440
“Finally, as Baumeister et al. (1996) have argued, an inflated sense of self-esteem may lead to aggression and violence against those perceived to threaten the ego.”
BackgroundInfluentialBaumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431 · Cited by 3,893
Self-citationAnderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231 · Cited by 3,915
The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory
Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(00)80003-9 · Cited by 2,521
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Metadata
- Authors
- Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1996
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-33
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2100354065
- Cited by
- 2,378
- References
- 183
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 97 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 125 · 2014: 122 · 2013: 139 · 2012: 130
- FWCI
- 55.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh043826-02, 5r01mh051482-03)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 43826, MH-51482)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- self-esteem, aggression, violence, crime, self-concept, anger
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Anger, Crime, Defense Mechanisms, Dominance-Subordination, Humans, Internal-External Control, Power, Psychological, Self Concept, Violence
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