The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
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In the citing paper
“functional task complexity changes as a result of expertise.”
From Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Lastly, seminal research on cognitive effort has indicated that complex and nonautomatic tasks require increased cognitive control and system resources (Hasher & Zacks, 1979; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977).”
From Perception of Physical Demand, Mental Demand, and Performance: A Comparison of Two Voice Interventions for Parkinson's Disease (2022) · cites this paper as Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Since they requires conscious attention, controlled processes use working memory capacity and so are constrained by the capacity limitations of this system (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“In fact, on average 2100 trials were required for a participant to discriminate between letters and letters as fast as he or she could between letters and numbers.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin (1977)
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) showed that an adult's ability to discriminate letters from numbers is automatic.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin (1977)
In the citing paper
“It seems that with extensive practise, certain processes become automatic, that is they demand few if any attentional and processing resources (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977) results indicated that a group that developed automatic processing skills on a task needed approximately a fifth of the decision making time a group forced to use controlled processing required to achieve 95% accuracy on a visual search task.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977)
In the citing paper
“which is consistent with the results of previous studies that found heightened cognitive interference in situations characterized by a greater demand on attentional and cognitive resources22,80”
From Emotion-related impulsivity moderates the cognitive interference effect of smartphone availability on working memory (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationHuman Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
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Self-citationParallel processing of multielement displays
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A conceptual category effect in visual search: O as letter or as digit
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Interactions of signal and background variables in visual processing
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Searching for Ten Targets Simultaneously
Neisser, U., Novick, R., & Lazar, R. (1963) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1963.17.3.955 · Cited by 232
Processing time as influenced by the number of elements in a visual display
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Is selective attention selective perception or selective response? A further test.
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Extremely Rapid Visual Search: The Maximum Rate of Scanning Letters for the Presence of a Numeral
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Evidence for independent parallel channels in tachistoscopic perception
Gardner, G. T. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90009-1 · Cited by 143
Attention and the measurement of perceptual learning
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Visual detection in relation to display size and redundancy of critical elements I
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Self-citationEffects of practice on character-classification performance.
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When item recognition and visual search functions are similar
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On the nature of central processing in choice reactions
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IGNORING IRRELEVANT INFORMATION
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Parallel processing in item recognition
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Factors affecting processing mode in visual search
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Visual search for simple targets.
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On the predictor variable for choice reaction time
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High-speed memory scanning: Stability and generality.
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Extended practice with a single-character classification task
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Some models of observer behavior in two-channel auditory signal detection
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Practiced card sorting for multiple targets
Neisser, U. (1974) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198155 · Cited by 19
Types and frequency of errors in visual search
Kristofferson, M. W. (1972) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206261 · Cited by 17
Searching for many targets: An analysis of speed and accuracy
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Monitoring simultaneous auditory messages
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When visual search functions look like item recognition functions
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.363 · Cited by 9,564
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205 · Cited by 8,388
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Self-citationThe magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779
Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Shiffrin, Richard M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1977-01
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-66
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2013068849
- Cited by
- 5,902
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 200 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 164 · 2015: 207 · 2014: 181 · 2013: 170 · 2012: 173
- FWCI
- 39.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- information processing, detection, search, attention, controlled processing, automatic processing, selective attention
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