The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“functional task complexity changes as a result of expertise.”
From Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skill learning (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Lastly, seminal research on cognitive effort has indicated that complex and nonautomatic tasks require increased cognitive control and system resources (Hasher & Zacks, 1979; Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977).”
From Perception of Physical Demand, Mental Demand, and Performance: A Comparison of Two Voice Interventions for Parkinson's Disease (2022) · cites this paper as Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Since they requires conscious attention, controlled processes use working memory capacity and so are constrained by the capacity limitations of this system (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“In fact, on average 2100 trials were required for a participant to discriminate between letters and letters as fast as he or she could between letters and numbers.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin (1977)
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) and Shiffrin and Schneider (1977) showed that an adult's ability to discriminate letters from numbers is automatic.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin (1977)
In the citing paper
“It seems that with extensive practise, certain processes become automatic, that is they demand few if any attentional and processing resources (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977).”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977
In the citing paper
“Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977) results indicated that a group that developed automatic processing skills on a task needed approximately a fifth of the decision making time a group forced to use controlled processing required to achieve 95% accuracy on a visual search task.”
From Assimilating complex information (2002) · cites this paper as Schneider and Shiffrin's (1977)
In the citing paper
“which is consistent with the results of previous studies that found heightened cognitive interference in situations characterized by a greater demand on attentional and cognitive resources22,80”
From Emotion-related impulsivity moderates the cognitive interference effect of smartphone availability on working memory (2019) · cites this paper as [80]
Citations
Cites
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Self-citationHuman Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3 · Cited by 7,216
Self-citationLane, S. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315506173-8 · Cited by 4,707
High-speed scanning in human memory
Sternberg, S. (1966) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.153.3736.652 · Cited by 3,576
The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method
Sternberg, S. (1969) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(69)90055-9 · Cited by 3,137
On the Rate of Gain of Information
Hick, W. E. (1952) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470215208416600 · Cited by 2,279
An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications
Feller, W., & Morse, P. Μ. (1958) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3062516 · Cited by 2,068
Memory-scanning: mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments.
Sternberg, S. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 1,943
Attention: Some theoretical considerations.
Deutsch, J. A., & Deutsch, D. (1963) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0039515 · Cited by 1,922
(1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,687
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.100.3.363 · Cited by 9,564
The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60214-2 · Cited by 8,822
Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205 · Cited by 8,388
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Self-citationThe magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779
Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Shiffrin, Richard M.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1977-01
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-66
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2013068849
- Cited by
- 5,902
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 99 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 120 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 139 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 200 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 164 · 2015: 207 · 2014: 181 · 2013: 170 · 2012: 173
- FWCI
- 39.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- information processing, detection, search, attention, controlled processing, automatic processing, selective attention
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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