Cited by 3,663AI-based Problem Solving and PlanningVisual and Cognitive Learning ProcessesMemory Processes and Influences

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Acquisition of cognitive skill

Anderson, John R.·1982·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.89.4.369

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Abstract

A framework for skill acquisition is proposed in which there are two major stages in the development of a cognitive skill--a declarative stage in which facts about the skill domain are interpreted and a procedural stage in which the domain knowledge is embodied directly in procedures for performing the skill. This general framework has been instantiated in the ACT system in which facts are encoded in a propositional network and procedures are encoded as productions. Two types of interpretive procedures are described for converting facts in the declarative stage into behavior--general problem-solving procedures and analogy-forming procedures. Knowledge compilation is the process by which the skill transits from the declarative stage to the procedural stage. It consists of the subprocesses of composition which collapses sequences of productions into single productions and proceduralization which embeds factual knowledge into productions. Once proceduralized, further learning processes operate on the skill to make the production more selective in their range of applications. These learning processes include generalization, discrimination, and strengthening of productions. Comparisons are made to similar concepts from past learning theories. It is discussed how these learning mechanisms apply to produce the power law speed-up in processing time with practice. Much of the evidence for this theory of skill acquisition comes from work on acquisition of proof skills in geometry but other evidence is drawn from the literature on automatization, language acquisition, and category formation. (Author)

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Authors: Anderson, J. R.
Affiliations: Carnegie Mellon University (US)
Corresponding author: Anderson, John R.
ORCID: Anderson, John R.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1982-07
Volume: 89
Issue: 4
Pages: 369-406
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.89.4.369
OpenAlex: W2044754442
Cited by: 3,663
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 114 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 93 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 140 · 2012: 146
FWCI: 47.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI-based Problem Solving and Planning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: cognitive skill acquisition, procedural stages, production systems, knowledge compilation, composition, proceduralization, discrimination, power law of practice, automation, category formation, language acquisition

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Acquisition of cognitive skill

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