Effects of aerobic and cognitively-engaging physical activity on academic skills: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
This cluster randomized controlled trial (trial-number #) compares effects of two school-based physical activity interventions (aerobic vs. cognitively-engaging) on reading, mathematics, and spelling achievement; and whether effects are influenced by volume of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and baseline achievement. Twenty-two primary schools participated, where a third and fourth grade class were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Intervention groups were randomly assigned to a 14-week aerobic or cognitively-engaging intervention, receiving four physical education lessons a week. Control groups followed their regular physical education program. Academic achievement of 891 children (mean age 9.17 years, 49.4% boys) was assessed with standardized tests before and after the interventions. Post-Test academic achievement did not significantly differ between intervention groups and control group. A higher volume of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity resulted in better post-test mathematics achievement in both intervention groups, and post-test spelling achievement in the cognitively engaging intervention group. Compared to the control group, lower achievers in reading performed better in reading after the cognitively-engaging intervention. A combination of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and cognitively-engaging exercises seems to have the most beneficial effects. Future intervention studies should take into account quantitative and qualitative aspects of physical activity, and children's baseline academic achievement.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Of the eight studies that analysed effects on academic performance, four used grades in academic subjects, three used standardised test results, one measured mastery of the basic facts test, and one analysed mathematics and reading performance with the speed test arithmetic and the 1 min test.
“Of the eight studies that analysed the effects on academic performance, four used grades in academic subjects [40,48,49,50]; meanwhile, three studies utilised standardised test results [43,49,55], one took measurements of the student’s mastery of the basic facts test [47], and one analysed mathematics and reading performance with the speed test arithmetic and the 1 min test [45].”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
De Bruijn et al. [49] reported a significant (p ≤ 0.05) dose-response relationship between increased moderate to vigorous PA and mathematics score.
“However, the study reported a significant (p ≤ 0.05) dose–response relationship between increased moderate to vigorous PA and mathematics score”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
De Bruijn et al. [49] reported a significant (p ≤ 0.05) dose-response relationship between moderate to vigorous, cognitively engaging PA and mathematics and spelling performance.
“and a significant (p ≤ 0.05) dose–response relationship between moderate to vigorous, cognitively engaging PA and mathematics and spelling performance.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
De Bruijn et al. [49] reported that both increased cognitively engaging, moderate to vigorous PE and increased moderate to vigorous PE had no significant (p > 0.05) overall effect on academic performance (spelling, mathematics, and reading) compared to the control condition.
“De Bruijn et al. [49] reported that both increased cognitively engaging, moderate to vigorous PE and increased moderate to vigorous PE had no significant (p > 0.05) overall effect on academic performance (spelling, mathematics, and reading) compared to the control condition.”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
Four days of PA a week improved academic performance in the De Bruijn et al. [49] study.
“For example, 4 days of PA a week improved academic performance in the De Bruijn et al. [49] study”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
A downfall of the De Bruijn et al. [49] and Reed et al. [41] studies is that effect size was not reported.
“However, a downfall of the De Bruijn et al. [49] and Reed et al. [41] studies is that effect size was not reported”
From The Effects of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
Cites
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_446 · Cited by 5,538 · see citing works
Acquisition of cognitive skill
Anderson, J. R. (1982) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.4.369 · Cited by 3,663 · see citing works
Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old
Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1204529 · Cited by 2,901 · see citing works
Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children
Evenson, K. R., Catellier, D. J., Gill, K., Ondrak, K. S., & McMurray, R. G. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410802334196 · Cited by 2,677 · see citing works
Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., Lambourne, K., & Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000901 · Cited by 1,864 · see citing works
Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1642 · Cited by 1,548 · see citing works
Fundamental Movement Skills in Children and Adolescents: Review of Associated Health Benefits
Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., & Okely, A. D. (2010) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11536850-000000000-00000 · Cited by 1,548 · see citing works
Comparison of Accelerometer Cut Points for Predicting Activity Intensity in Youth
TROST, S. G., LOPRINZI, P. D., MOORE, R., & PFEIFFER, K. A. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318206476e · Cited by 1,360 · see citing works
The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis
Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.15.3.243 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Mathematics and Learning Disabilities
Geary, D. (2004) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194040370010201 · Cited by 1,294 · see citing works
Best, J. R. (2010) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2010.08.001 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
The Challenges of Defining and Measuring Student Engagement in Science
Sinatra, G. M., Heddy, B. C., & Lombardi, D. (2015) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.1002924 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
Davis, C. L., Tomporowski, P. D., McDowell, J. E., Austin, B. P., Miller, P. H., Yanasak, N. E., Allison, J. D., & Naglieri, J. A. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021766 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
British Journal Of Sports Medicine
Macneil, J. (2015) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.wem.2014.12.005 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
de Greeff, J. W., Bosker, R. J., Oosterlaan, J., Visscher, C., & Hartman, E. (2018) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.09.595 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Self-citationEducating the Student Body: Taking Physical Activity and Physical Education to School
Kohl, H. W., Cook, H. D. V., & Nutrition Board (2013) · Cited by 805 · see citing works
Activities and Programs That Improve Children’s Executive Functions
Diamond, A. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412453722 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Wu, X., Han, L. H., Zhang, J. H., Luo, S., Hu, J. W., & Sun, K. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187668 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Effect of physical education and activity levels on academic achievement in children
COE, D. P., PIVARNIK, J. M., WOMACK, C. J., REEVES, M. J., & MALINA, R. M. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000227537.13175.1b · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Singh, A. S., Saliasi, E., van den Berg, V., Uijtdewilligen, L., de Groot, R. H. M., Jolles, J., Andersen, L. B., Bailey, R., Chang, Y.-K., Diamond, A., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098136 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Álvarez-Bueno, C., Pesce, C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Sánchez-López, M., Martínez-Hortelano, J. A., & Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. (2017) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.012 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Fundamental Movement Skill Interventions in Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Cliff, D. P., Okely, A. D., Scott, H. A., Cohen, K. E., & Lubans, D. R. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1167 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Why Students Drop Out of School: A Review of 25 Years of Research
Lim, S. A., & Rumberger, R. W. (2008) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Pesce, C. (2012) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.34.6.766 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Effects of Attentional Focus on Skilled Performance in Golf
Bell, J. J., & Hardy, J. (2009) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200902795323 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Tomporowski, P. D., McCullick, B., Pendleton, D. M., & Pesce, C. (2015) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.003 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Schmidt, M., Jäger, K., Egger, F., Roebers, C. M., & Conzelmann, A. (2015) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2015-0069 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
School-Based Physical Activity Does Not Compromise Children's Academic Performance
AHAMED, Y., MACDONALD, H., REED, K., NAYLOR, P.-J., LIU-AMBROSE, T., & MCKAY, H. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000241654.45500.8e · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Drollette, E. S., Scudder, M. R., Raine, L. B., Moore, R. D., Saliba, B. J., Pontifex, M. B., & Hillman, C. H. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2013.11.001 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Physical activity and academic achievement in children: a historical perspective
Howie, E. K., & Pate, R. R. (2012) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2012.09.003 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Cognitively challenging physical activity benefits executive function in overweight children
Crova, C., Struzzolino, I., Marchetti, R., Masci, I., Vannozzi, G., Forte, R., & Pesce, C. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.828849 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Resaland, G. K., Aadland, E., Moe, V. F., Aadland, K. N., Skrede, T., Stavnsbo, M., Suominen, L., Steene-Johannessen, J., Glosvik, Ø., Andersen, J. R., et al. (2016) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.005 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Ericsson, I., & Karlsson, M. K. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01458.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Exercise and Working Memory: An Individual Differences Investigation
Sibley, B. A., & Beilock, S. L. (2007) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.29.6.783 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Mura, G., Vellante, M., Nardi, A. E., Machado, S. E. D. C., & Carta, M. G. (2015) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527315666151111121536 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sport, physical activity and educational achievement – towards an explanatory model
Bailey, R. P. (2016) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2016.1207756 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Physical Education: Relationship to Growth, Development, and Health
Kohl, H. W., Cook, H. D. V., & Nutrition Board (2013) · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Importance of aerobic fitness and fundamental motor skills for academic achievement
de Bruijn, A. G. M., Kostons, D. D. N. M., van der Fels, I. M. J., Visscher, C., Oosterlaan, J., Hartman, E. E., & Bosker, R. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.02.011 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationBugge, A., Möller, S., Tarp, J., Hillman, C. H., Lima, R. A., Gejl, A. K., Klakk, H., & Wedderkopp, N. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12902 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Monitoring variability and change in children’s spelling strategies
Farrington‐Flint, L., Stash, A., & Stiller, J. (2008) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410701471850 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
García‐Hermoso, A., Ramírez‐Vélez, R., Lubans, D. R., & Izquierdo, M. (2021) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104112 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Academic Performance in School-Age Children: A Systematic Review
Latino, F., & Tafuri, F. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15086616 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
James, J., Pringle, A., Mourton, S., & Roscoe, C. M. P. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10061019 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“[49] reported that both increased cognitively engaging, moderate to vigorous PE and increased moderate to”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVasilopoulos, F., Jeffrey, H., Wu, Y., & Dumontheil, I. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09760-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
He, H., Yahui, Y., Sun, J., Wang, F., Zhang, W., & Zhu, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1651883 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Li, D., Wang, D., Zou, J., Li, C., Qian, H., Yan, J. H., & He, Y. (2023) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-023-05009-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Meijer, A., Königs, M., van der Fels, I. M. J., Visscher, C., Bosker, R., Hartman, E., & Oosterlaan, J. (2020) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2020-0034 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationde Bruijn, A. G. M., de Greeff, J. W., Temlali, T. Y., Oosterlaan, J., Smith, J., & Hartman, E. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12527 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationCui, Z., Song, Y., & Du, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1458899 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chou, C., Kao, S., Pan, C., McCullick, B. A., Fu, H., & Wang, C. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14264 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhang, Z., Yu, Q., Chen, Y., Zou, L., Ludyga, S., Mavilidi, M. F., Lubans, D. R., Li, J., Hillman, C. H., Wang, J., et al. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10049-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rico-González, M. (2023) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2022-0452 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Motor Skills in the Structure of Physical Fitness of 7-Year-Old Boys
Іващенко, О. В., Berezhna, H., & Cieślicka, M. (2020) · Journal of Learning Theory and Methodology · doi:10.17309/jltm.2020.1.02 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Latino, F., Romano, G., & Tafuri, F. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14111199 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
de Bruijn, A. G. M., van der Fels, I. M. J., Renken, R. J., Königs, M., Meijer, A., Oosterlaan, J., Kostons, D. D. N. M., Visscher, C., Bosker, R., Smith, J., et al. (2021) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105812 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMartín-Martínez, C., Valenzuela, P. L., Martinez‐Zamora, M. D., & Martínez‐de‐Quel, Ó. (2022) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2022.12.007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Meijer, A., Königs, M., Pouwels, P. J. W., Smith, J., Visscher, C., Bosker, R., Hartman, E., & Oosterlaan, J. (2022) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14034 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCornelius, C., Fedewa, A. L., & Toland, M. D. (2020) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr.2020.99002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gait in children with and without ADHD: A systematic literature review
Meachon, E. J., Klupp, S., & Grob, A. (2023) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.06.003 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Marrero-Rivera, J. P., Sobkowiak, O., Sgourakis, A., Bagnato, S. J., Kline, C. E., Gordon, B. D. H., & Ross, S. E. T. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11030363 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Teng, G., Xia, H., Li, Q., & Chen, A. (2024) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001330 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Meijer, A., Pouwels, P. J. W., Smith, J., Visscher, C., Bosker, R., Hartman, E., Oosterlaan, J., & Königs, M. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24851 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationScott, J., Jay, T., & Spray, C. M. (2024) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence12020022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Attention Pyramid Convolutional Neural Network Optimized with Big Data for Teaching Aerobics
Chen, C. (2024) · International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems · doi:10.1007/s44196-024-00514-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
RetractedSaez, G. B., Rico-González, M., & Gómez, N. M. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13080261 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Individual Differences in the Effects of Physical Activity on Classroom Behaviour
Heemskerk, C. H. H. M., Šumatić, M., Strand, S., & Malmberg, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.812801 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Meijer, A., Königs, M., Pouwels, P. J. W., Smith, J., Visscher, C., Bosker, R., Hartman, E., & Oosterlaan, J. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13759 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAli, A., McLachlan, C., McLaughlin, T., Mugridge, O., Conlon, C. A., Mumme, K., & Knightbridge-Eager, T. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8090742 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Klupp, S., Grob, A., & Möhring, W. (2022) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-022-01749-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yilin, R., Ai, L., Yang, Y., & Zhu, F. (2025) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2437483 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Korcz, A., Krzysztoszek, J., Bojkowski, Ł., Koszałka-Silska, A., Khorkova, M., Gomołysek, A., & Bronikowski, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1402901 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jensen, O. E., Nielsen, A. V., Gejl, A. K., Rohde, R. A., Højberg, L. M., Damsgaard, L., Malling, A. S. B., Stevnsborg, E., Bugge, A., Poulsen, M., et al. (2025) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2025.100668 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chen, W., Wang, X., Gu, X., & Chen, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111634 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Byman, A., Stalchenko, N., Vanhala, A., Tähti, P., Makkonen, T., Tervaniemi, M. H., & Pirjo Aunio, A. (2025) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2025.2509911 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tang, Z., Yin, M., Xu, K., Zheng, H., Yan, H., Zhao, Z., & Liu, Q. (2025) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887251409415 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Qi, K., Dong, X., Xu, Q., Wang, S., Chen, D., Schinke, R. J., & Chen, A. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04339-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bai, D., & Liu, X. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106688 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effects of physical exercise on the brain and neurocognitive functioning during childhood
Meijer, A., Verburgh, L., & Hartman, E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-89843-0.00011-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmid, D. G., Qazi, A. S., Scott, N. M., & Tomporowski, P. D. (2022) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102332 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Cognition Through Midlife
Randolph, J. S., & Randolph, J. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11389-5_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Program Brain Jogging: Dampak pada Perkembangan Kefasihan Matematika dan Fungsi Eksekutif pada Anak
Fendrian, F., Ma’mun, A., Hendrayana, Y., Ray, H. R. D., Alif, M. N., & Setiawan, E. (2023) · Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.31004/obsesi.v7i2.4379 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wang, W., & Zhang, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1840246 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The impact of physical activity on academic performance in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis
Feng, Z., Zhao, Z., Chen, R., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1836195
Influence of lifestyle on academic performance in basic cycle medical students
de Oliveira, M. C. B., Lima, V. V., & Barbieri, J. F. (2024) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e15986.2024
Anrrango, A. T. H. (2025) · MENTOR revista de investigación educativa y deportiva · doi:10.56200/mried.v4i10.9252
Physical Education Research Trends during Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Period
Peñas, J. D. D., & Anito, J. C. (2025) · Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research · doi:10.54392/ajir25411
Hamdani, A. D., & Romadhoni (2025) · JINEA Journal of Innovation in Education and Learning · doi:10.66031/jinea.v1i1.7
Jensen, O. E., Damsgaard, L., Rohde, R. A., Nielsen, G., Fosnaes, O., Hauge, J., & Wienecke, J. (2026) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-026-10175-y
Healthy lifestyles and academic performance of Malaysian students: A cross-sectional study
Gong, H., & Ong, S. C. (2026) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000049052
The impact of physical activity on children’s attention and math performance: A meta-analysis
Li, Q., Zhang, Z., Zhong, Z., Lu, X., Wang, C., Li, C., Li, L., & Li, D. (2026) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-026-07229-2
- Authors
- De Bruijn, A. G. M., Kostons, D. D. N. M., Van Der Fels, I. M. J., Visscher, C., Oosterlaan, J., Hartman, E., & Bosker, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Groningen Institute for Educational Research, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Sports Sciences
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-06-22
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1806-1817
- ISSN
- 0264-0414 (ISSN-L)
- 1466-447X
- OpenAlex
- W3036919245
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 3.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Sports Sciences (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Initiative for Education Research (405-15-410)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- school-based physical activity intervention, aerobic exercise, academic performance, reading achievement, mathematics achievement, spelling achievement, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, physical education, elementary school students, exercise volume
- MeSH terms
- Academic Success, Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Mathematics, Physical Education and Training, Reading, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
