Cited by 777Science Education and PedagogyEducational Strategies and EpistemologiesChild and Animal Learning Development

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Children and adults as intuitive scientists.

Kuhn, Deanna·1989·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.674

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Abstract

The metaphor of children and lay adults as intuitive scientists has gained wide acceptance. Although useful in one sense, pertaining to scientific understanding, in another, pertaining to the process of scientific thinking, the metaphor may be fundamentally misleading. Research is reviewed indicating that processes of scientific thinking differ significantly in children, lay adults, and scientists. Hence, it is the instruments of scientific thinking, not just the products, that undergo "strong restructuring" (Carey, 1986). A framework for conceptualizing development of scientific thinking processes is proposed, centering on progressive differentiation and coordination of theory and evidence. This development is metacognitive, as well as strategic. It requires thinking about theories, rather than merely with them, and thinking about evidence, rather than merely being influenced by it, and, hence, reflects the attainment of control over the interaction of theories and evidence in one's own thinking.

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Authors: Kuhn, D.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Kuhn, Deanna
ORCID: Kuhn, Deanna
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1989
Volume: 96
Issue: 4
Pages: 674-689
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.674
OpenAlex: W1972191699
Cited by: 774
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 139.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Science Education and Pedagogy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: scientific thinking, children's scientific thinking, scientific reasoning, theory and evidence, metacognition, meta-reasoning, cognitive development, conceptual framework
MeSH terms: Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Human Development, Male, Models, Psychological, Problem Solving, Science, Thinking

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