Uncertain responses by humans and Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in a psychophysical same–different task.
Abstract
The authors asked whether animals, like humans, use an uncertain response adaptively to escape indeterminate stimulus relations. Humans and monkeys were placed in a same-different task, known to be challenging for animals. Its difficulty was increased further by reducing the size of the stimulus differences, thereby making many same and different trials difficult to tell apart. Monkeys do escape selectively from these threshold trials, even while coping with 7 absolute stimulus levels concurrently. Monkeys even adjust their response strategies on short time scales according to the local task conditions. Signal-detection and optimality analyses confirm the similarity of humans' and animals' performances. Whereas associative interpretations account poorly for these results, an intuitive uncertainty construct does so easily. The authors discuss the cognitive processes that allow uncertainty's adaptive use and recommend further comparative studies of metacognition.
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BackgroundInformation seeking by rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
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“2 (Top) The Same-Different discrimination task used by Shields et al. (1997). Monkeys had to determine whether two rectangles contained the same number of pixels or not.”
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“This is consistent with many previous studies (Kiani & Shadlen, 2009; Komura et al., 2013; Shields et al., 1997; D. J. Smith, 2009), although they did not measure the reaction time of confidence or (un)certainty along.”
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Jett, S. E. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19650-3_3111
Beran, M. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1530-1
Smith, J. D., Church, B. A., Jackson, B. N., et al. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1746-1
Self-citationSmith, J. D., Church, B. A., Beran, M. J., Salamanca, J. A., & Washburn, D. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1838-1
Self-citationMetacognitive Monitoring and Control in Monkeys
Hampton, R. R. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768450.026
(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768450.019
Smith, J. D., Church, B. A., Jackson, B. N., et al. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1746
Self-citationBeran, M. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1530
Smith, J. D., Church, B. A., Beran, M. J., & Washburn, D. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1822
Self-citation(2020) · Society for Neuroscience eBooks · doi:10.1523/hon.011007
Language Models Do Not Possess the Uniquely Human Cognitive Ability of Relational AbstractionPreprint
Monk, B., Meyer, T., & Ngo, M. K. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1681.v1
Language Models Do Not Possess the Uniquely Human Cognitive Ability of Relational AbstractionPreprint
Monk, B., Meyer, T., & Ngo, M. K. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1681.v2
A non-verbal process dissociation procedure to disentangle explicit from implicit sequence learning
Malassis, R., Moscado, L., Sackur, J., et al. (2026) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niag021
“Even when no verbal report is obtained from participants, the evidentiary weight on conscious awareness is typically extrapolated from cases where verbal reports are available ( Shields et al. 1997; Goupil and Kouider 2016).”
- Authors
- Shields, W. E., Smith, J. D., & Washburn, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 147-164
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2073687691
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD06016, P01HD006016)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- uncertainty, metacognition, same-different task, rhesus monkeys, human-animal comparison, signal detection, response strategies, stimulus discrimination, associative learning, comparative cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Attention, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Male, Problem Solving, Psychophysics, Sensory Thresholds, Species Specificity, Transfer, Psychology, Contrast Sensitivity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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