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Age differences in the performance of computer-based work
Abstract
This study investigated the extent to which age had an impact on the performance of computer-based work. Three simulated real-world computer-interactive tasks that varied in complexity and pacing requirements were evaluated. Ss included 65 women, ranging in age from 25 years to 70 years. The methodology encompassed physiological, subjective, and objective performance measures. The data indicated that previous computer experience and age had a significant impact on the performance of the 3 tasks. Increased age was associated with longer response times and a greater number of errors for all 3 tasks. Age also influenced perceptions of fatigue and task difficulty. The findings are discussed in terms of the implications for training and job design.
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“In diverse experimental settings and problem domains a so-called complexity effect has been demonstrated, indicating that relative to the young, the performance of the elderly is especially impaired when the complexity of the task is raised (Czaja & Sharit, 1993;Gilinsky & Judd, 1994;Lorsbach & Simpson, 1988).”
From Cognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency (2002) · cites this paper as Czaja & Sharit, 1993
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“Performance was especially poorer in the more complex far-transfer domain, which is a confirmation of earlier research findings (Czaja & Sharit, 1993;Gilinsky & Judd, 1994;Lorsbach & Simpson, 1988).”
From Cognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency (2002) · cites this paper as Czaja & Sharit, 1993
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“Czaja and Sharit [27] found that the level of prior computer experience outweighed the effects of age when considering performance on training to use an application.”
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“Although computer experience does tend to modify the age difference in performance, it does not completely eradicate it (Czaja & Sharit, 1993).”
BackgroundA three-phase model of retirement decision making.
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“In much of the research on retirement, most of the focus has been on core task performance, and in general, older workers were found to become slightly less effective in that area as they aged (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Greller & Simpson, 1999).”
Issues in training older adults to use computers
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Age and gender factors in user acceptance of healthcare robots
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BackgroundCognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency
Van Gerven, P. W. M., Paas, F. G. W. C., Van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Schmidt, H. G. (2002) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(01)00017-2 · Cited by 205
“…settings and problem domains a so-called complexity effect has been demonstrated, indicating that relative to the young, the performance of the elderly is especially impaired when the complexity of the task is raised (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Gilinsky & Judd, 1994; Lorsbach & Simpson, 1988).”
BackgroundResultDoes job-related training performance decline with age?
Kubeck, J. E., Delp, N. D., Haslett, T. K., & McDaniel, M. A. (1996) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.11.1.92 · Cited by 200
“Studies that used extensive practice as a training method were included (Czaja, 1978; Hoyer etal., 1978/1979), but studies that allowed practice only to familiarize participants with a task were not (e.g., Czaja & Sharit, 1993).”
MethodSlegers, K., van Boxtel, M. P. J., & Jolles, J. (2008) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/63.3.p176 · Cited by 188
“…is increasingly difficult without information technology (IT) skills, especially for older adults with less experience and more problems using IT (Czaja & Sharit, 1993, 1997; Kelley & Charness, 1995; Mead, Jamieson, Rousseau, Sit, & Rogers, 1996; Mead, Spaulding, Sit, Meyer, & Walker, 1997;…”
BackgroundTechnology generation and age in using layered user interfaces
Rama, M. D., de Ridder, H., & Bouma, H. (2001) · Gerontechnology · doi:10.4017/gt.2001.01.01.003.00 · Cited by 171
OLDER ADULTS, COMPUTER TRAINING, AND THE SYSTEMS APPROACH: A FORMULA FOR SUCCESS
Mayhorn, C. B., Stronge, A. J., McLaughlin, A. C., & Rogers, W. A. (2004) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601270490272124 · Cited by 164
“This reduction in processing speed is consistent with numerous studies that have reported that older adults require considerably more time than young adults to complete computer training tasks (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Morrell, Park et al., 2000).”
ResultComputer training, frequency of usage and burnout: the moderating role of computer self-efficacy
Salanova, M., Grau, R., Cifré, E., & Llorens, S. (2000) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(00)00028-5 · Cited by 158
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“Age is an extremely important variable to consider as a potential moderator of an employee’s attitude towards technology because older employees are believed to be lacking when it comes to experience with new technologies (Czaja and Sharit 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialDesigning computer systems for older adults
Czaja, S. J., & Lee, C. C. (2002) · L. Erlbaum Associates Inc. eBooks · Cited by 146
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“Research indicates that compared to younger adults, older adults tend to make more mistakes in completing given tasks with digital devices (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Laberge & Scialfa, 2005; Sayers, 2004), ask for help more frequently than younger adults during TBI (e.g., Craik, 1986; Zandri &…”
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“Computer-based work takes longer for older people and they make more errors [32–34].”
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“For example, the time and number of interaction steps required to complete various information-processing-based computer tasks were significantly associated with differences in both age and computer experience (Czaja and Sharit, 1993).”
BackgroundReactions to Computerized Testing in Selection Contexts
Wiechmann, D., & Ryan, A. M. (2003) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00245 · Cited by 103
“Research has found that computer experience is related to willingness to use computers (Zolton and Chapanis, 1982), liking of computing (Comber, Colley, Hargreaves and Dorn, 1997), confidence in computing (Loyd andGressard, 1984; Pope-Davis and Twing 1991; Torkzadeh and Koufteros, 1993), general attitudes towards comp…”
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Duay, D. L., & Bryan, V. C. (2008) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601270802290177 · Cited by 107
“Researchers have identified a number of physical (Glass, 1996; Jones & Bayen, 1998; Merriam & Caffarella, 1999), cognitive (Brigman & Cherry, 2002; Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Echt, Morrell, & Park, 1998; Elias, Elias, Robbins, & Gage, 1987; Jones & Bayen, 1998; Zacks & Hasher, 1994), sociocultural…”
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Ability-performance relationships as a function of age and task experience for a data entry task.
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“With well-documented declines in cognitive, physical, and sensory abilities associated with aging (e.g., Craik & Jennings, 1992; Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Forteza & Prieto, 1994; Schaie, 1994), there are widespread beliefs that job performance declines with age (Hedge, Borman, & Lammlein, 2006;…”
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“…popular stereotypes, older users do take great interest in computer and mobile technology (e.g. Noyes and Sheard 2003, Arning and Ziefle 2006), but they are often confronted with the problem of a diminished usability, as was shown in recent studies (e.g. Czaja and Sharit 1993, Morrell et al .”
InfluentialColonia-Willner, R. C. (1998) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.13.1.45 · Cited by 88
W. M. Van Gerven, F. G. W. C. P. (2000) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601270050133874 · Cited by 81
“Similar relations between age and task complexity were found in dual-task performance (Lorsbach & Simpson, 1988), computer-based work (Czaja & Sharit, 1993), and prospective tasks (Kidder, Park, Hertzog, & Morrell, 1997 ; Einstein, Smith, McDaniel, & Shaw, 1997).”
Ageing, computer-based task performance, and stress: issues and challenges
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Self-citationAnnual Review, 1991–1995: Occupational Health
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User interface design for older adults
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BackgroundThe Impact of Aging on Self-Efficacy and Computer Skill Acquisition
Reed, K., Doty, D. H., & May, D. R. (2005) · Journal of managerial issues · Cited by 72
A meta-analysis of technology use and cognitive aging
Benge, J. F., & Scullin, M. K. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02159-9 · Cited by 103
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Motivation Among Older Adults in Learning Computing Technologies: A Grounded Model
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“Quite a number of researchers have investigated the effects of cognitive decline among older adults and have compared the learning and performance between older and younger adults on different computer-related tasks (e.g., Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Egan & Gomez, 1985).”
BackgroundDepp, C. A., Harmell, A., & Vahia, I. V. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_158 · Cited by 71
How younger and older adults master the usage of hyperlinks in small screen devices
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Predictors of Web Navigation Performance in a Life Span Sample of Adults
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“of the working population (see Westerman 1993, for review). This paper presents the results of a preliminary investigation into the acquisition and performance of an information retrieval task, an area of computer use which has largely been ignored with respect to the effects of age. In a recent study Czaja and Sharit…”
BackgroundAlagöz, F., Valdez, A. S. C., Wilkowska, W., Ziefle, M., Dorner, S., & Holzinger, A. (2010) · International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Applications (ICPCA) · doi:10.1109/icpca.2010.5704072 · Cited by 64
“This circumstance leads to lower technical understanding and less computer experience and usage in older users, and naturally this paves the way to only limited computer knowledge [35, 36, 37].”
BackgroundHuman Resource Development and Older Workers: Stereotypes in New Zealand
Gray, L., & McGregor, J. (2003) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1038411103041003006 · Cited by 63
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TRAINING OLDER ADULTS TO USE THE COMPUTER: ISSUES RELATED TO THE WORKPLACE, ATTITUDES, AND TRAINING
Baldi, R. A. (1997) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/0360126970230505 · Cited by 60
Cognitive Aging and Computer-Based Instructional Design: Where Do We Go From Here?
Gerven, P. W. M. V., PAAS, F. G. W. C., & Tabbers, H. K. (2006) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-006-9005-4 · Cited by 62
“The most obvious and well-documented skill in this respect is interacting with computers (e.g., Czaja, 1996; Czaja & Sharit, 1993 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialA distinctive theory of teaching and learning for older learners: why and why not?
Tam, M. (2014) · International Journal of Lifelong Education · doi:10.1080/02601370.2014.972998 · Cited by 55
“…various dimensions, including physical (e.g. Glass, 1996; Jones & Bayen, 1998; Merriam & Caffarella, 1999), cognitive (e.g. Brigman & Cherry, 2002; Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Echt, Morrell, & Park, 1998), sociocultural (e.g. Aslanian & Brickell, 1980; Havighurst, 1972, 1976; Jun & Evans, 2007) and…”
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Health and productivity of older workers
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Technology makes older adults feel older
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Slegers, K., van Boxtel, M. P. J., & Jolles, J. (2009) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x08007629 · Cited by 53
“…Maastricht, The Netherlands. example, it has been shown in several studies that when learning to use a computer, older adults take longer to master the system, make more errors and require more help than younger people (Charness et al. 1996; Czaja and Sharit 1993; Kelley and Charness 1995).”
BackgroundInfluentialArning, K., & Ziefle, M. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71025-7_9 · Cited by 52
“Studies have shown that older adults possess a lower computer experience compared to younger users [11, 12].”
BackgroundContinuous Learning Skill Demands: Associations with Managerial Job Content, Age, and Experience
Maurer, T. J., & Weiss, E. M. (2009) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-009-9126-0 · Cited by 52
“Research shows that older adults may require more help (Czaja and Sharit 1993; Elias et al. 1987) and more time (Sieman 1976) and may benefit from having a less stressful environment in which to learn (Jamieson 1969).”
BackgroundTrübswetter, N., & Bengler, K. J. (2013) · International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design (Driving Assessment Conference) · doi:10.17077/drivingassessment.1532 · Cited by 50
Discriminating market segments using preferential green shift: a conjoint approach
Kulshreshtha, K., Tripathi, V., Bajpai, N., & Dubey, P. (2017) · foresight · doi:10.1108/fs-02-2017-0007 · Cited by 48
Acquisition and Application of New Technology Skills: The Influence of Age
Westerman, S. J., & Davies, D. R. (2000) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/50.7.478 · Cited by 47
Older Worker Training: What We Know and Don't Know
Charness, N. H., & Czaja, S. J. (2006) · Cited by 45
Self-citationThe development of a measure of subjective computer experience
Smith, B., Caputi, P., & Rawstorne, P. (2004) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.04.001 · Cited by 46
“…amount of computer experience acquired over time (Bandagliacco, 1990; Burkes, 1991; Busch, 1995; Caputi, Jayasuriya, & Fares, 1995; Culpan, 1995; Czaja & Sharit, 1991; Hall & Cooper, 1991; Miller & Varma, 1994; Pope-Davis & Twing, 1991; Ryker & Nath, 1995; Scarpa, Smeltzer, & Jaison, 1992),…”
Generation X and the boomers: organizational myths and literary realities
Appelbaum, S. H., Serena, M., & Shapiro, B. T. (2004) · Management Research News · doi:10.1108/01409170410784635 · Cited by 46
An Evaluation of Performance by Older Persons on a Simulated Telecommuting Task
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“The study is part of a larger research program that is focused on older adults and computerbased work (Czaja & Sharit, 1993, 1998; Czaja, Sharit, Ownby, Roth, & Nair, 2001).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAge and skilled performance: Contributions of working memory and processing speed
Brigman, S., & Cherry, K. E. (2002) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(02)00510-9 · Cited by 45
“However, research has consistently demonstrated that although older adults may acquire new skills more slowly than younger adults, older adults can and do learn new skills (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Lincourt, Rybash, & Hoyer, 1998; Strayer & Kramer, 1994).”
BackgroundOlder Workers: Myths, Evidence and Implications for Australian Managers
Bennington, L., & Tharenou, P. (1996) · Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1177/103841119603400305 · Cited by 44
Todisco, L., Tomo, A., Canonico, P., Mangia, G., & Sarnacchiaro, P. (2020) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2020.100858 · Cited by 53
The cerebellum in thought and action: a fronto-cerebellar aging hypothesis
Hogan, M. (2004) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2004.09.002 · Cited by 43
“…increasing age (see Salthouse, 1996a, b) but that older adults do not improve as much as younger adults with extended practice on performance tasks (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Fisk, Cooper, Hertzog, & Anderson-Garlach, 1995; Fisk & Warr, 1998; Jenkins & Hoyer, 2000; Rogers, Fisk, & Hertzog, 1994;…”
BackgroundWilliams, C. A. (2004) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1197/jamia.m1527 · Cited by 40
“45 We were surprised that we did not find a statistically significant relationship between formal education and usability in this study or, in contrast to others, 23 astatisticallysignificantcorrelationbetweenusabilityandage.”
BackgroundResultThe Cognitive Aging Principle in Multimedia Learning
PAAS, F. G. W. C., Gerven, P. W. M. V., & Tabbers, H. K. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511816819.023 · Cited by 40
Füllgrabe, C., & Moore, B. C. J. (2017) · Trends in Hearing · doi:10.1177/2331216517737230 · Cited by 37
“…the effects of practice on the TFS-AF test for ONH listeners, who initially might show more procedural (i.e., task) learning, due to their lesser experience with (e.g., Czaja & Sharit, 1993) and possible negative attitude and anxiety toward (e.g., Zygouris & Tsolaki, 2015) computerized testing.”
BackgroundSusło, R., Paplicki, M., Dopierała, K., & Drobnik, J. (2018) · Family Medicine & Primary Care Review · doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2018.78273 · Cited by 37
Computers Enhancing the Lives of Older People
Irizarry, C., & Downing, A. (1997) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/j.1741-6612.1997.tb01042.x · Cited by 36
Designing inclusive interactions
Langdon, P., Clarkson, P. J., & Robinson, P. (2013) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-013-0289-0 · Cited by 35
Nouchi, R., Taki, Y., Takeuchi, H., Hashizume, H., Nozawa, T., Sekiguchi, A., Nouchi, H., & Kawashima, R. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-32 · Cited by 38
“Nevertheless, elderly people often have difficulty using computers [85-87].”
BackgroundReal-Time Occupational Stress and Fatigue Measurement in Medical Imaging Practice
Krupinski, E. A., & Reiner, B. I. (2011) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-011-9439-1 · Cited by 33
Older Adults in an Aging Society and Social Computing: A Research Agenda
Ji, Y. G., Choi, J. H., Lee, J. Y., Han, K. H., Kim, J., & Lee, I. (2010) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2010.516728 · Cited by 34
“On the ability of older adults, they tend to make more mistakes in completing given tasks with digital devices than younger people (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Laberge & Scialfa, 2005; Sayers, 2004) due to the physical and cognitive change with aging.”
BackgroundAdaptation of the older worker to occupational challenges
Moyers, P. A., & Coleman, S. D. (2004) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2004-00342 · Cited by 31
“The retraining of older workers should be designed so that the worker experiences early successes, is given corrective feedback, is given more time to practice new skills, and receives adequate assistance from trainers [10].”
Delgoulet, C. (2001) · Perspectives interdisciplinaires sur le travail et la santé · doi:10.4000/pistes.3718 · Cited by 31
Sterns, H. L., Barrett, G. V., Czaja, S. J., & Barr, J. K. (1994) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/073346489401300102 · Cited by 31
Self-citationCzaja, S. J., & Sharit, J. (1993) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447319309526053 · Cited by 29
Self-citationInvesting in Practical Intelligence: Ageing and Cognitive Efficiency among Executives
Colonia-Willner, R. C. (1999) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502599383711 · Cited by 29
“Whereas in some research ndings, expanded age differences generally appear associated with increase in task complexity (e.g. Czaja & Sharit, 1993; Sparrow & Davies, 1988), other studies examining compensation in skilled individuals (e.g. Charness & Bosman, 1990) reveal older adults’ performance to…”
BackgroundEnhancing Knowledge Sharing in Age-Diverse Organizations: The Role of HRM Practices
Sammarra, A., Profili, S., Maimone, F., & Gabrielli, G. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1877-636120170000017009 · Cited by 24
Czaja, S. J. (1995) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x9501500205 · Cited by 26
“A recent study (Czaja and Sharit, 1993) found that age-related slowing had an impact on the performance of some computer-based tasks.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBisantz, A. (2002) · Encyclopedia of Software Engineering · doi:10.1002/0471028959.sof054
Rahman, A. (2015) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1069-096420150000023003 · Cited by 28
Learning capability and performance in later working life: towards a contextual view
Jeske, D., & Roßnagel, C. S. (2015) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-08-2013-0107 · Cited by 31
Computer Game-Based Learning: Perceptions and Experiences of Senior Chinese Adults
Wang, F., Lockee, B. B., & Burton, J. K. (2011) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.2190/et.40.1.e · Cited by 24
“Senior adults, especially those who are in their 60s, have not been exposed to the computer technological revolution (Czaja & Sharit, 1993; ONS, 2006).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Czaja, S. J., & Sharit, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- ORCID
- Sharit, Joseph
- Venue
- Psychology and Aging
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-67
- ISSN
- 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1498
- OpenAlex
- W1970057338
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 26.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag006794-02)
- National Institute on Aging (AG06794-02)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Technology Use by Older Adults
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Keywords
- age differences, computer work, older women, computer experience, reaction time (psychology), task errors, subjective fatigue, task difficulty, job design
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Attention, Attitude to Computers, Computer Literacy, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Problem Solving, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Software, Workload
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