Aging and Information-Processing Rate
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The decline of working memory in aging includes a decrease in overall processing speed, which hinders the simultaneous activation of mutually referring information elements.
“Second, the overall processing speed decreases (Cerella, 1990;Fisk & Warr, 1996;Myerson, Hale, Wagstaff, Poon, & Smith, 1990;Salthouse 1993Salthouse , 1996)), which hinders the simultaneous activation of mutually referring information elements.”
From Cognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency (2002) · cites this paper as Cerella, 1990
Cognitive aging brings about declines in working memory that impede the acquisition of complex cognitive skills.
“cognitive aging brings about several declines of working memory, which impede the acquisition of complex cognitive skills.”
From Cognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency (2002) · cites this paper as Cerella, 1990
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“…cell loss the transmission of neural impulses must traverse lengthier and more circuitous pathways to reach the same end state (Salthouse, 1985; Cerella, 1990), that a slower propagation of neural impulses with increased age is attributable to a reduction of dendritic branching, a decrease in…”
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“…not only with previous studies using the stop-signal procedure but with a substantial body of literature demonstrating developmental improvement in response speed in childhood and progressive slowing throughout adulthood on a wide variety of speeded response tasks (Cerella, 1990; Kail, 1991, 1993).”
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“An important question is whether the longer stop-signal RTs for the old than for the young subjects is just another example of the phenomenon of general slowing (Cerella, 1985b, 1990; Salthouse, 1985).”
BackgroundResultDevelopmental change in speed of processing during childhood and adolescence
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“Also note that, although explicit mathematical models exist to explain age effects the difference have young relevant and task effects in the context of latency data (e.g., Cerella, 1990; Verhaeghen; Verhaeghen & Cerella, 2002), no analytical models have been function a fixed”
BackgroundAging and dual-task performance: A meta-analysis.
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“If one assumes that the age deficit in central processes takes the usual multiplicative form within families of processes (see, e.g., Cerella, 1990; Hale & Myerson, 1996), then the choice of model for dual-task costs will lead to distinct predictions concerning the type of linear functions found in…”
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“Thus, the age-related increase in switch costs is unlikely to be explained merely by generalized slowing in older age (e.g., Cerella, 1990; Salthouse, 1996).”
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“Another prevalent theory in aging research is that a generalized slowing in brain function with age is responsible for most, if not all, of the age-related declines in problem solving, reasoning, memory, and language (Cerella, 1990; Lindenberger and Baltes, 1994; Wingfield and Stine-Morrow, 2001).”
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“More recently, nonlinear functions have been found to provide a slightly better account of the relation between the processing speed of young and old adults (Cerella, 1990; Myerson, Hale, Wagstaff, Poon, & Smith, 1990).”
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“, 1999) but with a substantial body of literature demonstrating developmental improvement in response speed in childhood and progressive slowing through adulthood on a wide variety of speeded response tasks (Cerella, 1990; Kail, 1991, 1993).”
BackgroundSpeed and intelligence in old age.
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“Generally, it was found that simple linear or curvilinear functions explained a very high proportion of variance across a variety of different tasks (Cerella, 1985, 1990; Myerson, Hale, Wagstaff, Poon, & Smith, 1990; but see Mayr & Kliegl, in press).”
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“This view has received much support (e.g., Birren, 1965; Cerella, 1985, 1990; Cerella, Poon, & Williams, 1980; Fisk & Warr, 1996; Salthouse, 1985, 1996; Salthouse, Kausler, & Saults, 1988) and much criticism and debate (Allen, Ashcraft, & Weber, 1992; Allen et al., 1993; Cerella, 1994; Fisk & Fisher, 1994; Fisher & Gl…”
The rise and fall in information-processing rates over the life span
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Self-citationAging and task switching: A meta-analysis.
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“Brinley functions have often been found to be linear or near-linear; the slope of the function gives the age-related slowing factor (Cerella, 1990).”
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Using the implicit association test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions.
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O’Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., & Mellott, D. S. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.17.3.482 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“A substantial body of research has demonstrated that older adults are slower relative to young adults on cognitive tasks and that the degree of slowing is affected by task complexity (see Cerella, 1990, and Salthouse, 1985, for reviews).”
BackgroundA diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on recognition memory
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“This interpretation has been widely accepted (e.g., Birren, 1965; Cerella, 1985, 1990; Cerella, Poon, & Williams, 1980; Fisk & Warr, 1996; Salthouse, 1985, 1996; Salthouse, Kausler, & Saults, 1988) although it has engendered much criticism and debate (Allen, Ashcraft, & Weber, 1992; Allen, Madden, Weber, & Groth, 1993…”
Plasticity of memory for new learning in very old age: A story of major loss?
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“... individual differences in episodic memory functioning and other aspects of fluid intelligence (Bryan & Luszcz, 1996; Lindenberger et al., 1993; Salthouse, 1996; Verhaeghen & Salthouse, 1997) and have been interpreted as prime indicators of age-related differences in (a) the speed of mental processing rate (see Sal…”
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“Under General Slowing theories, the speed of executing cognitive operations decreases with ageing, regardless of the type of task or the mental operations involved in the task (e.g., Birren 1965; Cerella 1990; Myerson et al. 1990; Salthouse 1985, 1996).”
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“Cerella suggested that slowing resulted from deletion of random links in the memory network, which created longer, more circuitous memorial processing paths (Cerella, 1990).”
BackgroundAge differences in the performance of computer-based work
Czaja, S. J., & Sharit, J. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.8.1.59 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
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“To examine differential age effects in RTs, logarithmic transformation was applied to the data prior to testing for age by condition interactions (e.g., Cerella, 1990; Faust, Balota, Spieler, & Ferraro, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodGeneral and Specific Speed Mediation of Adult Age Differences in Memory
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Cognitive load theory and aging: effects of worked examples on training efficiency
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“Major theoretical explanations for age-related declines include (a) general slowing (Cerella, 1990; Salthouse, 1985), (b) reduced inhibition-attention models (Hasher &Zacks, 1988;McDowd&Birren, 1990), and (c) limitations in working memory (Craik & McDowd, 1987; Hasher &Zacks, 1979).”
BackgroundA diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on letter discrimination.
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“The most dominant hypothesis has been the generalized slowing hypothesis, which states that all information processing is similarly affected by age (e.g., Birren, 1965; Brinley, 1965; Cerella, 1985, 1990, 1991, 1994; Fisk & Warr, 1996; Salthouse, 1985, 1996; Salthouse, Kausler, & Saults, 1988).”
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“Faust, Balota, Spieler, and Ferraro (1999) pointed out that Group ϫ Treatment interactions are difficult to interpret when the groups are not matched on overall latency (see also Cerella, 1990, 1991; Salthouse, 1985).”
Short-term longitudinal change in cognitive performance in later life.
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The effects of 3-week estrogen hormone replacement on cognition in elderly healthy females
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How general is general slowing? Evidence from the lexical domain.
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“Our findings also pose interesting problems for formal models recently developed to explain general cognitive slowing, for example, the multilayered slowing model (Cerella, 1985), the overhead model (Cerella, 1990).”
BackgroundAdult age and digit symbol substitution performance: a meta-analysis
Hoyer, W. J., Stawski, R. S., Wasylyshyn, C., & Verhaeghen, P. (2004) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.211 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Second, scores on the DSST have been shown to exhibit strong correlations with measures that in some way involve perceptual speed (Laux & Lane, 1985; Lindenberger & Baltes, 1997; Salthouse, 2000; Sliwinski & Buschke, 1999), and perceptual speed or processing speed is known to be a large source of the variance in many…”
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Varieties of inhibition: manifestations in cognition, event-related potentials and aging
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Life Span Theory in Developmental Psychology
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“Researchers both in the fields of child development (Bjorklund, 1997; Case, 1992; McCall, 1994; Pascual-Leone, 1983) and cognitive aging (Birren, 1964; Cerella, 1990; Craik & Byrd, 1982; Hasher & Zacks, 1988; S.-C. Li, Lindenberger, & Sikström, 2001; Salthouse, 1996) have been trying to identify developmental determin…”
BackgroundSchneider, B. A., Daneman, M., & Murphy, D. R. (2005) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.2.261 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“…of the most prevalent theories in aging research is that a generalized slowing in brain function with age is responsible for most, if not all, of the age-related declines in problem solving, reasoning, memory, and language (Cerella, 1990; Lindenberger & Baltes, 1994; Salthouse, 1985, 1993, 1996).”
BackgroundNonpharmacological Cognitive Interventions in Aging and Dementia
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A diffusion model analysis of the effects of aging on brightness discrimination
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Age effects on response monitoring in a mental-rotation task
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“The effect of age on RT observed is perhaps smaller than would have been expec ted , given the many reports of general slowing wi th age (e.g., Fisk et al. 1988; Cerella 1990).”
BackgroundUsing the implicit association test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions.
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O'Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., & Mellott, D. S. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.482 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Explicitly modeling the effects of aging on response time
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“This shape has occasionally been obtained empirically (Cerella, 1990; Nebes & Madden , 1988; see also Myerson et al., 1990).”
BackgroundComponents of sensorimotor adaptation in young and elderly subjects
Bock, O. L. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-004-2133-5 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“The current study also documented an age-related decay in our cognitive screening test—seniors’ trail-making performance was inferior to that of younger participants, even when age-related decay of psychomotor speed (Cerella 1990) was factored out.”
BackgroundResultLatent growth curve analyses of accelerating decline in cognitive abilities in late adulthood.
Finkel, D., Reynolds, C. A., McArdle, J. J., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.3.535 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Sounds, Words, Sentences: Age-Related Changes Across Levels of Language Processing.
Federmeier, K. D., Petten, C. K. V., Schwartz, T. J., & Marta Kutas, A. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.4.858 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Generalized slowing models assume that older and younger adults process information in a qualitatively similar fashion, but due to global neurobiological changes (e.g., slowed neural transmission times, increased noise, weakened connections), older adults take longer than younger ones to process information at each st…”
BackgroundNormal aging increases cognitive heterogeneity: Analysis of dispersion in WAIS-III scores across age
Ardila, A. (2007) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.004 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Li, S., Aggen, S. H., Nesselroade, J. R., & Baltes, P. B. (2001) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000052782 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Temporal Control of Rhythmic Performance: A Comparison Between Young and Old Adults
Pouthas, V., Pouthas, V., & Wearden, J. H. (2001) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/03610730125798 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“All these age-associated behavioral di†erences have been considered to be a result of a decrease in the speed and accuracy of information processing (Cerella, 1990 ; Salthouse, 1985).”
BackgroundIntelligence and brain myelination: A hypothesis
Miller, E. M. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90049-3 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Accounting for cognitive aging: context processing, inhibition or processing speed?
Rush, B. K., Barch, D. M., & Braver, T. S. (2006) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825580600680703 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“In addition, there is now evidence that the effects of generalized slowing with increased age are more pronounced as task complexity increases (Cerella, 1990; Cerella et al., 1980; Hale et al., 1991; Salthouse, 1995).”
BackgroundResultTheoretical approaches to language and aging
Burke, D. M., MacKay, D. G., & James, L. E. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198524380.003.0008 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Li, L., Daneman, M., Qi, J. G., & Schneider, B. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.6.1077 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Cerella, J. (1990). Aging and information-processing rate. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 201– 221). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Cheesman, M. F., Hepburn, D., Armitage, J. C., & Marshall, K. (1995). Comparison of growth of masking functions and speech discrimination…”
InfluentialWord-processing training and retraining: effects of adult age, experience, and interface
Charness, N., Kelley, C. L., Bosman, E. A., & Mottram, M. (2001) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.1.110 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Pouthas, V., & Perbal, S. (2004) · Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis · doi:10.55782/ane-2004-1520 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“The assumption of a slowing of an internal timing mechanism has also been proposed (Schroots and Birren 1990, Surwillo 1968) to account for the slower information processing found in older adults on perceptual and motor tasks (Cerella 1990, Salthouse 1994, 1996, Wearden et al. 1997).”
BackgroundResultGeneral slowing in semantic priming and word recognition.
Myerson, J., Ferraro, F. R., Hale, S., & Lima, S. D. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.7.2.257 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Heritability of cognitive abilities in adult twins: Comparison of Minnesota and Swedish data
Finkel, D., Pedersen, N. L., McGue, M. K., & McClearn, G. E. (1995) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf02253371 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Decades of research have suggested that behavioral slowing is a fundamental component of the aging process ( Cerella, 1990 ) and is an integral part of cognitive aging, specifically (Salthouse, 1993).”
BackgroundInhibitory Control Across the Life Span
Christ, S. E., White, D. A., Mandernach, T., & Keys, B. A. (2001) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2003_7 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“…have suggested that age-related differences in cognitive performance may not be the result of changes within specific cognitive domains but instead are the result of general changes in processing speed (Cerella, 1990; Cerella, Poon, & Williams, 1980; Hale, Lima, & Myerson, 1991; Salthouse, 1995).”
BackgroundEffects of aging and noise on real-time spoken word recognition: evidence from eye movements.
Ben-David, B. M., Chambers, C. G., Daneman, M., Pichora-Fuller, M., Reingold, E., & Schneider, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0233 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
White matter volume predicts reaction time instability
Walhovd, K. B., & Fjell, A. M. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.022 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Further, myelin thinning may cause the age decline in ognitive performance by leading to stepwise information loss ue to neural noise (Myerson et al., 1990), or even random breaks n neural networks (Cerella, 1990).”
BackgroundIs APOE -ε4 a risk factor for cognitive impairment in normal aging?
Small, B. J., Graves, A. B., McEvoy, C. L., Crawford, F., MULLAN, M. J., & Mortimer, J. A. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.11.2082 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Basak, C., Qin, S., & O'Connell, M. A. (2020) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000442 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Some of these declining fluid abilities are processing speed, episodic memory, reasoning, and executive functions (Cerella, 1990; Park et al., 2002; Salthouse, 1996; Verhaeghen, 2011).”
BackgroundAge differences in visual search for feature, conjunction, and triple-conjunction targets.
Humphrey, D. G., & Kramer, A. F. (1997) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.12.4.704 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Light, L. L. (1996) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012102570-0/50015-x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Driving competence in older persons
Brouwer, W., & Ponds, R. (1994) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638289409166291 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Older Adults and Technology-Based Instruction: Optimizing Learning Outcomes and Transfer
Wolfson, N., Cavanagh, T. M., & Kraiger, K. (2013) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2012.0056 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Age differences in reading time allocation for propositionally dense sentences
Stine, E. A. L., & Hindman, J. L. (1994) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/09289919408251446 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
SWIFT explorations of age differences in eye movements during reading
Laubrock, J., Kliegl, R. M., & Engbert, R. (2006) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.013 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Rypma, B., BERGER, J., Genova, H. M., Rebbechi, D., & D’Esposito, M. (2005) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70198-9 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Interpretation of differential deficits: The case of aging and mental arithmetic.
Salthouse, T. A., & Coon, V. E. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.20.5.1172 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Moreover, these procedures do not directly address the issue of the most meaningful scale (e.g., absolute differences or ratios) for interpreting interactions when groups differ in overall level of performance (Cerella, 1990; Salthouse, 1985).”
BackgroundAging and the negative priming effect: A meta-analysis.
Verhaeghen, P., & Meersman, L. D. (1998) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.3.435 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Madden, D. J., Turkington, T. G., Coleman, R. E., Provenzale, J. M., DeGrado, T. R., & Hoffman, J. M. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0015 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“According to a currently prominent perspective, the changes in cognitive function associated with human aging represent a generalized slowing of virtually all aspects of information processing (Birren and Fisher, 1995; Cerella, 1990; Salthouse, 1992, 1993).”
BackgroundScale of attentional focus in visual search
Greenwood, P. M., & Parasuraman, R. (1999) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03206901 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Is there an age deficit in the selection of mental sets?
Mayr, U., & Liebscher, T. (2001) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440042000214 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“The proportional factor in the sequential conditions with a value around 2.0 is at the higher end of the general range of ‘‘general slowing’’ results (e.g., Cerella, 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialAge effects may be global, not local: Comment on Fisk and Rogers (1991).
Cerella, J. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.120.2.215 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationGreenwood, P. M., Parasuraman, R., & Alexander, G. E. (1997) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.11.1.3 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Jopp, D., & Hertzog, C. (2007) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.811 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Lo¨vde´n and colleagues (Lo¨vde´n et al., 2005) demonstrated that social activities had a lagged longitudinal prediction of perceptual speed but not vice versa, which is surprising because speed has been considered as strongly dominated by neuronal-biological factors (e.g., Cerella, 1990 ).”
BackgroundEffect of yoga on cognitive functions in climacteric syndrome: a randomised control study
Chattha, R., Nagarathna, R., Padmalatha, V., & Nagendra, H. (2008) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01749.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cerella, J.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cerella, John
- Venue
- Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1990
- Pages
- 201-221
- OpenAlex
- W159428820
- Cited by
- 472
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 20.16
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Elsevier eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- aging, processing speed, cognitive aging, cognitive decline
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