Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice

Henson, Robin K.; Roberts, J. Kyle

doi:10.1177/0013164405282485

Cited by 2,454Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychology Research and BibliometricsMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice

Henson, Robin K., Roberts, J. Kyle·2006·Educational and Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/0013164405282485

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Abstract

Given the proliferation of factor analysis applications in the literature, the present article examines the use of factor analysis in current published research across four psychological journals. Notwithstanding ease of analysis due to computers, the appropriate use of factor analysis requires a series of thoughtful researcher judgments. These judgments directly affect results and interpretations. The authors examine across studies (a) the decisions made while conducting exploratory factor analyses ( N = 60) and (b) the information reported from the analyses. In doing so, they present a review of the current status of factor analytic practice, including comment on common errors in use and reporting. Recommendations are proffered for future practice as regards analytic decisions and reporting in empirical research.

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The final solution consisted of 15 items underlying three components that explained 74.3% of the total variance.
“The final solution consisted of 15 items underlying three components that explained 74.3% of the total variance which is above the recommended value of 50% (Henson and Roberts, 2006).”
From Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Questionnaire to Measure Different Types of Cognitive Load (2023) · cites this paper as Henson and Roberts, 2006

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Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Five-Step Guide for Novices
Williams, B. A., Onsman, A., & Brown, T. (2010) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · doi:10.33151/ajp.8.3.93 · Cited by 2,967 · see citing works
Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Guide to Best Practice
Watkins, M. W. (2018) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798418771807 · Cited by 2,218 · see citing works
El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada
Lloret-Segura, S., Traver, A. F., Hernández, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361 · Cited by 1,798 · see citing works
How to factor-analyze your data right: do’s, don’ts, and how-to’s.
Matsunaga, M. (2010) · International journal of psychological research · doi:10.21500/20112084.854 · Cited by 1,431 · see citing works
A Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis Decisions and Overview of Current Practices: What We Are Doing and How Can We Improve?
Howard, M. C. (2016) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664 · Cited by 1,349 · see citing works
An Updated Guideline for Assessing Discriminant Validity
Rönkkö, M., & Cho, E. (2022) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428120968614 · Cited by 1,309 · see citing works
Practical Considerations for Using Exploratory Factor Analysis in Educational Research
Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G., & Esquivel, S. L. (2020) · doi:10.7275/qv2q-rk76 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Exploratory Factor Analysis With Small Sample Sizes
de Winter, J., Dodou, D., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170902794206 · Cited by 1,211 · see citing works
Ten Steps in Scale Development and Reporting: A Guide for Researchers
Carpenter, S. (2018) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Current Methodological Considerations in Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Schmitt, T. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282911406653 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure
van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-010-9194-1 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
“It should, however, be noted that even with exploratory factor analysis, theory remains an important guideline to decide which items to keep and which items to remove (Henson and Roberts 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood
Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760802303127 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Measuring teacher efficacy to implement inclusive practices
Sharma, U., Loreman, T., & Forlin, C. (2011) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/j.1471-3802.2011.01200.x · Cited by 895 · see citing works
A Review of Key Likert Scale Development Advances: 1995–2019
Jebb, A. T., Ng, V., & Tay, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637547 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Management Research Methods
Tharenou, P., Donohue, R., & Cooper, B. K. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511810527 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Does the Possibility to Make Equity Investments in Crowdfunding Projects Crowd Out Reward–Based Investments?
Cholakova, M., & Clarysse, B. (2014) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12139 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
The Hull Method for Selecting the Number of Common Factors
Lorenzo‐Seva, U., Timmerman, M. E., & Kiers, H. A. L. (2011) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.564527 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Determining the number of factors to retain in an exploratory factor analysis using comparison data of known factorial structure.
Ruscio, J., & Roche, B. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025697 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Self-perceived employability: Construction and initial validation of a scale for university students
Rothwell, A. T., Herbert, I. P., & Rothwell, F. (2008) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.12.001 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Why do small and medium enterprises use social media marketing and what is the impact: Empirical insights from India
Chatterjee, S., & Kar, A. K. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102103 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
The development and validation of the comprehensive assessment of acceptance and commitment therapy processes (CompACT)
Francis, A. W., Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.05.003 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations
Izquierdo, I., Olea, J., & Abad, F. J. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.349 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
State Mindfulness Scale (SMS): Development and initial validation.
Tanay, G., & Bernstein, A. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0034044 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Author Guidelines for Reporting Scale Development and Validation Results in the Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research
Cabrera-Nguyen, P. (2010) · Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research · doi:10.5243/jsswr.2010.8 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Using Principal Components and Factor Analysis in Animal Behaviour Research: Caveats and Guidelines
Budaev, S. V. (2010) · Ethology · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01758.x · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Translation and Validation of Body Image Instruments: Challenges, Good Practice Guidelines, and Reporting Recommendations for Test Adaptation
Swami, V., & Barron, D. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.08.014 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Fashion Shopping in Multichannel Retail: The Role of Technology in Enhancing the Customer Experience
Blázquez, M. (2014) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415180404 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Which One to Use First?
Orçan, F. (2018) · Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi · doi:10.21031/epod.394323 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Science Motivation Questionnaire: Construct validation with nonscience majors
Glynn, S. M., Taasoobshirazi, G., & Brickman, P. (2008) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.20267 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Exploratory Factor Analysis; Concepts and Theory
Taherdoost, H., Sahibuddin, S., & Jalaliyoon, N. (2014) · HAL · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Jamovi: An Easy to Use Statistical Software for the Social Scientists
Şahin, M. D., & Aybek, E. C. (2019) · International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education · doi:10.21449/ijate.661803 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Factor recovery by principal axis factoring and maximum likelihood factor analysis as a function of factor pattern and sample size
de Winter, J., & Dodou, D. (2011) · Journal of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1080/02664763.2011.610445 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
The development and initial validation of the cyberchondria severity scale (CSS)
McElroy, E., & Shevlin, M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.12.007 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
A Comparative Investigation of Rotation Criteria Within Exploratory Factor Analysis
Sass, D. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2010) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170903504810 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Nature Experiences and Adults’ Self-Reported Pro-environmental Behaviors: The Role of Connectedness to Nature and Childhood Nature Experiences
Rosa, C. D., Profice, C. C., & Collado, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01055 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Misophonia: Incidence, Phenomenology, and Clinical Correlates in an Undergraduate Student Sample
Wu, M. S., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22098 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Mixed Research as a Tool for Developing Quantitative Instruments
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Bustamante, R. M., & Nelson, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Mixed Methods Research · doi:10.1177/1558689809355805 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Using multi‐item psychometric scales for research and practice in human resource management
Robinson, M. A. (2017) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21852 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
The Development and Validation of the Game User Experience Satisfaction Scale (GUESS)
Phan, M. H., Keebler, J. R., & Chaparro, B. S. (2016) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720816669646 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
A new look at Horn’s parallel analysis with ordinal variables.
Garrido, L. E., Abad, F. J., & Ponsoda, V. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0030005 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Call for mixed analysis: A philosophical framework for combining qualitative and quantitative approaches
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Johnson, R. B., & Collins, K. M. T. (2009) · International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches · doi:10.5172/mra.3.2.114 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Dealing with Multicollinearity in Factor Analysis: The Problem, Detections, and Solutions
Kyriazos, T. A., & Poga, M. (2023) · Open Journal of Statistics · doi:10.4236/ojs.2023.133020 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
The development and psychometric validation of a Critical Thinking Disposition Scale
Sosu, E. M. (2013) · Thinking Skills and Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.tsc.2012.09.002 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Toward a Domain‐Specific Approach to the Study of Parental Psychological Control: Distinguishing Between Dependency‐Oriented and Achievement‐Oriented Psychological Control
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Luyten, P. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00614.x · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Use of exploratory factor analysis in maritime research
Maskey, R., Fei, J., & Nguyen, H.-O. (2018) · The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics · doi:10.1016/j.ajsl.2018.06.006 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
The Sentiments, Attitudes, and Concerns about Inclusive Education Revised (SACIE-R) Scale for Measuring Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions about Inclusion
Forlin, C., Earle, C., Loreman, T., & Sharma, U. (2011) · Exceptionality Education International · doi:10.5206/eei.v21i3.7682 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-perceived employability: Investigating the responses of post-graduate students
Rothwell, A. T., Jewell, S., & Hardie, M. (2009) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.05.002 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Green human resource management: Development of a valid measurement scale
Shah, M. (2019) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.2279 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP)
Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.020 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Students’ Perceptions of Characteristics of Effective College Teachers: A Validity Study of a Teaching Evaluation Form Using a Mixed-Methods Analysis
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Witcher, A. E., Collins, K. M. T., Filer, J. D., Wiedmaier, C., & Moore, C. W. (2007) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831206298169 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Determining the Number of Factors to Retain in EFA: Using the SPSS R-Menu v2 0 to Make More Judicious Estimations
Courtney, M. G. R., & Gordon, R. (2020) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/9cf5-2m72 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Measuring Teacher Engagement: Development of the Engaged Teachers Scale (ETS)
Klassen, R. M., Yerdelen, S., & Durksen, T. L. (2013) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v1i2.44 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Rotation criteria and hypothesis testing for exploratory factor analysis: Implications for factor pattern loadings and interfactor correlations
Schmitt, T. A., & Sass, D. A. (2011) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164410387348 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Observing Physical Education Teachers’ Need-Supportive Interactions in Classroom Settings
Haerens, L., Aelterman, N., Van den Berghe, L., De Meyer, J., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2013) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.35.1.3 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Exploratory Factor Analysis
Reio, T. G., & Shuck, B. (2014) · Advances in Developing Human Resources · doi:10.1177/1523422314559804 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Learning presence as a moderator in the community of inquiry model
Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.01.011 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Big Data Analytics as a mediator in Lean, Agile, Resilient, and Green (LARG) practices effects on sustainable supply chains
Raut, R. D., Mangla, S. K., Narwane, V. S., Dora, M. K., & Liu, M. (2020) · Transportation Research Part E Logistics and Transportation Review · doi:10.1016/j.tre.2020.102170 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Perceived Satisfaction with Public Transport Service in Nine European Cities
Fellesson, M., & Friman, M. (2012) · Journal of the Transportation Research Forum · doi:10.5399/osu/jtrf.47.3.2126 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Factor Structure of Scores From the Maslach Burnout Inventory
Worley, J. A., Vassar, M. B., Wheeler, D., & Barnes, L. L. B. (2008) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164408315268 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Can You Really Measure That? Combining Critical Race Theory and Quantitative Methods
Sablan, J. R. (2018) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831218798325 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Shedding Light on Leaders’ Self-Interest: Theory and Measurement of Exploitative Leadership
Schmid, E. A., Verdorfer, A. P., & Peus, C. V. (2017) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206317707810 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Toward a new measure of organizational environmental citizenship behavior
Robertson, J. L., & Barling, J. I. (2017) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.02.007 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Measuring the social identity of entrepreneurs: Scale development and international validation
Sieger, P., Gruber, M. B., Fauchart, E., & Zellweger, T. M. (2016) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.07.001 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology
Pendergast, L. L., von der Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., & Eklund, K. R. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.002 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
A REVIEW OF THE METHODOLOGICAL MISCONCEPTIONS AND GUIDELINES RELATED TO THE APPLICATION OF STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING: A MALAYSIAN SCENARIO
Memon, M. A., Ting, H., Ramayah, T., Chuah, F., & Cheah, J. (2017) · Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling · doi:10.47263/jasem.1(1)01 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
The CYRM-R: A Rasch-Validated Revision of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure
Jefferies, P., McGarrigle, L., & Ungar, M. T. (2018) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/23761407.2018.1548403 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
The Multitasking Preference Inventory: Toward an Improved Measure of Individual Differences in Polychronicity
Poposki, E. M., & Oswald, F. L. (2010) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2010.487843 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Application of Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling to Evaluate the Academic Motivation Scale
Guay, F., Morin, A. J. S., Litalien, D., Valois, P., & Vallerand, R. J. (2014) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2013.876231 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Development and initial validation of the Life Skills Scale for Sport
Cronin, L., & Allen, J. B. (2016) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.11.001 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Assessing influences on intervention implementation: Revision of the Usage Rating Profile-Intervention
Briesch, A. M., Chafouleas, S. M., Neugebauer, S. R., & Riley‐Tillman, T. C. (2012) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2012.08.006 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Leader–Member Exchange, Work Engagement, and Psychological Withdrawal Behavior: The Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment
Aggarwal, A., Chand, P. K., Jhamb, D., & Mittal, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00423 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Dimensionality of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A systematic review
Manzar, M. D., BaHammam, A. S., Hameed, U. A., Spence, D. W., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Moscovitch, A., & Streiner, D. L. (2018) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0915-x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Teachers' Perceptions of School Climate
Johnson, B. P., Stevens, J. J., & Zvoch, K. (2007) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164406299102 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Effect-Size Measures and Meta-Analytic Thinking in Counseling Psychology Research
Henson, R. K. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000005283558 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citation
Improving waste management in construction projects: An Australian study
Udawatta, N., Zuo, J., Chiveralls, K., & Zillante, G. (2015) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.003 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Using Horn’s Parallel Analysis Method in Exploratory Factor Analysis for Determining the Number of Factors
Bökeoğlu, Ö. Ç., & Koçak, D. (2016) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2016.2.0328 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scale: development and psychometric properties.
Nikčević, A. V., & Spada, M. M. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113322 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Development and validation of a vitiligo-specific quality-of-life instrument (VitiQoL)
Lilly, E., Lu, P. D., Borovicka, J. H., Victorson, D. E., Kwasny, M., West, D. P., & Kundu, R. V. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.01.038 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Introducción al análisis factorial exploratorio
Martínez, C. M., & Rondón, M. (2012) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/s0034-7450(14)60077-9 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
E-shopping: an Analysis of the Technology Acceptance Model
Lim, W. M., & Ting, D. H. (2012) · Modern Applied Science · doi:10.5539/mas.v6n4p49 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Structural equation model of integrated safety intervention practices affecting the safety behaviour of workers in the construction industry
Zaira, M. M., & Hadikusumo, B. (2017) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2017.06.007 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The impact of supply chain innovation on competitive advantage in the construction industry: Evidence from a moderated multi-mediation model
Afraz, M. F., Bhatti, S. H., Ferraris, A., & Couturier, J. (2020) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120370 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Intellectual agility and innovation in micro and small businesses: The mediating role of entrepreneurial leadership
Dabić, M., Stojčić, N., Šimić, M., Potočan, V., Slavković, M., & Nedelko, Z. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.013 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
An Examination Of The Museum Experience Based On Pine And Gilmore's Experience Economy Realms
Radder, L., & Han, X. (2015) · Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) · doi:10.19030/jabr.v31i2.9129 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Teaching for Creativity Scales: An Instrument to Examine Teachers’ Perceptions of Factors That Allow for the Teaching of Creativity
Rubenstein, L., McCoach, D., & Siegle, D. (2013) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2013.813807 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
E-shopping: An Analysis of the Uses and Gratifications Theory
Lim, W. M., & Ting, D. H. (2012) · Modern Applied Science · doi:10.5539/mas.v6n5p48 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
In search of a measure to investigate cyberloafing in educational settings
Akbulut, Y., Dursun, Ö. Ö., Dönmez, O., & Şahin, Y. L. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.002 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Are fit indices really fit to estimate the number of factors with categorical variables? Some cautionary findings via Monte Carlo simulation.
Garrido, L. E., Abad, F. J., & Ponsoda, V. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000064 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Revisiting the simple view of reading
Kendeou, P., Savage, R. S., & van den Broek, P. (2008) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/978185408x369020 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Necessary steps in factor analysis: Enhancing validation studies of educational instruments. The PHEEM applied to clerks as an example
Schönrock-Adema, J., Heijne-Penninga, M., van Hell, E. A., & Cohen‐Schotanus, J. (2008) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/01421590802516756 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
A Methodological Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Sexuality Research: Used Practices, Best Practices, and Data Analysis Resources
Sakaluk, J. K., & Short, S. D. (2016) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1137538 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Methodological Synthesis in Quantitative L2 Research: A Review of Reviews and a Case Study of Exploratory Factor Analysis
Plonsky, L., & Gönülal, T. (2015) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12111 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of “Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences”: Review and Meta-analyses
Mark, W., & Toulopoulou, T. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv088 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The Use of Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses: A Document Analysis
Koyuncu, İ., & Kılıç, A. F. (2019) · TED EĞİTİM VE BİLİM · doi:10.15390/eb.2019.7665 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Exploratory Factor Analysis With Small Samples and Missing Data
McNeish, D. (2016) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1252382 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Revised Two-Factor Study Process Questionnaire (R-SPQ-2F): Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses at item level
Justicia, F. J., Pichardo, M. C., Cano, F., Berbén, A. B. G., & de la Fuente, J. (2008) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173004 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Development and Validation of Scores on the Distributed Leadership Inventory
Hulpia, H., Devos, G., & Rosseel, Y. (2009) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164409344490 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The Nature, Measurement and Nomological Network of Environmentally Specific Transformational Leadership
Robertson, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-017-3569-4 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
The role of supply chain orientation in achieving supply chain sustainability
Jadhav, A., Orr, S., & Malik, M. (2019) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.07.031 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Construct Validity in Survey-Based Management Accounting and Control Research
Bedford, D. S., & Speklé, R. F. (2018) · Journal of Management Accounting Research · doi:10.2308/jmar-51995 · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · Cited by 9,587 · see citing works
Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations
Izquierdo, I., Olea, J., & Abad, F. J. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.349 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Use and Interpretation of Factor Analysis in The Journal ofEducational Research:1992-2002
Pohlmann, J. T. (2004) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.3200/joer.98.1.14-23 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis Reporting Practices in Published Research.
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2001) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
THE APPLICATION OF EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS IN APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
Ford, J. K., MacCallum, R. C., & Tait, M. (1986) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1986.tb00583.x · Cited by 1,735 · see citing works

Authors: Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K.
Affiliations: University of North Texas (US)
Baylor College of Medicine (US)
ORCID: Henson, Robin K.
Venue: Educational and Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2006-06
Volume: 66
Issue: 3
Pages: 393-416
ISSN: 0013-1644 (ISSN-L)
1552-3888
DOI: 10.1177/0013164405282485
OpenAlex: W2097665571
Cited by: 2,454
References: 119
Citations by year: 2026: 129 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 182 · 2022: 184 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 203 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 147 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 137 · 2015: 133 · 2014: 125 · 2013: 74 · 2012: 58
FWCI: 44.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Educational and Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: exploratory factor analysis, psychology journals

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Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comment on Improved Practice

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