Cited by 615Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).

Grös, Daniel F., Antony, Martin M., Simms, Leonard J., McCabe, Randi E.·2007·Psychological Assessment

DOI 10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369

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Abstract

The State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA; M. J. Ree, C. MacLeod, D. French, & V. Locke, 2000) was designed to assess cognitive and somatic symptoms of anxiety as they pertain to one's mood in the moment (state) and in general (trait). This study extended the previous psychometric findings to a clinical sample and validated the STICSA against a well-published measure of anxiety, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; C. D. Spielberger, 1983). Patients (N=567) at an anxiety disorders clinic were administered a battery of questionnaires. The results of confirmatory factor analyses (Bentler-Bonnett nonnormed fit index, comparative fit index, and Bollen fit index>.90; root-mean-square error of approximation<.05); convergent and discriminant validity analyses; and group comparisons supported the reliability and validity of the STICSA as a measure of state and trait cognitive and somatic anxiety. In addition, compared with the STAI (anxiety: rs</=.52; depression: rs>/=.64), the STICSA was more strongly correlated with another measure of anxiety (rs>/=.67) and was less strongly correlated with a measure of depression (rs</=.61). These findings suggest that the STICSA may be a purer measure of anxiety symptomatology than is the STAI.

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“The maximum score on this questionnaire is 80 and the minimum score is 20 (15).”
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“The STAI has excellent internal consistency and evidence of convergent validity and shows merit regarding other measures of state anxiety and trait (Grös et al., 2007).”
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Kip, K. E., D’Aoust, R., Hernández, D., Girling, S. A., Cuttino, B., Long, M. K., Rojas, P., Wittenberg, T., Abhayakumar, A., & Rosenzweig, L. (2016) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2016.04.006 · Cited by 24
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Scheufler, A., Wallace, D. P., & Fox, E. A. (2020) · Journal of Music Therapy · doi:10.1093/jmt/thaa021 · Cited by 23
Anxiety symptoms and problematic smartphone use severity among Chinese college students: The moderating role of social support
Hou, X., Elhai, J. D., Hu, T., She, Z., & Xi, J. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01610-0 · Cited by 23
“Perceived Social Support The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS; Gros et al., 2007; Zimet et al., 1988) was used to measure perceived social support.”
Method
Childhood Experiences with Family Pets and Internalizing Symptoms in Early Adulthood
Girardi, A., & Pozzulo, J. (2015) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2015.1052274 · Cited by 23
The Role of Chronic Psychosocial Stress in Explaining Racial Differences in Stress Reactivity and Pain Sensitivity
Gordon, J. L., Johnson, J. L., Nau, S., Mechlin, B., & Girdler, S. S. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000385 · Cited by 23
“Trait Anxiety The 20-item self-evaluation questionnaire State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y-2 was used to measure how anxious a participant generally feels (34).”
Method
The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale: Stable structure but subscale of limited value to detect anxiety
den Berg, A. I. V. D. Z.-V., Boere‐Boonekamp, M. M., Groothuis‐Oudshoorn, C. G. M., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221894 · Cited by 23
The Impact of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Cognitive Behavioural Instructions on Safety Learning
Wake, S., van Reekum, C. M., Dodd, H., & Morriss, J. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10113-4 · Cited by 20
Validation of the intolerance of uncertainty scale as a screening tool for perinatal anxiety
Furtado, M., Frey, B. N., & Green, S. M. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04296-1 · Cited by 22
Towards a Non-Contact Method for Identifying Stress Using Remote Photoplethysmography in Academic Environments
Morales-Fajardo, H., Rodríguez-Arce, J., Gutiérrez-Cedeño, A., Viñas, J. C., Lagos, J. J. R., Abarca-Castro, E. A., Ramírez, C. I. L., & Vilchis-González, A. H. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22103780 · Cited by 26
“The STAI assessment has been widely used as ground truth to evaluate subjects with anxiety [7,32,33].”
Method
Relieving Anxiety Through Virtual Reality Prior to Endoscopic Procedures
Kim, Y., Yoo, S. H., Chun, J., Kim, J., Youn, Y. H., & Park, H. (2023) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2022.0319 · Cited by 22
“Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety.(16) STAI scores are classified as 20–37: no or low anxiety, 38–44: moderate anxiety, and 45–80: high anxiety.”
Background
Individual differences in emotionality and peri-traumatic processing
Logan, S., & O’Kearney, R. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.003 · Cited by 25
Inflammatory Genes and Psychological Factors Predict Induced Shoulder Pain Phenotype
George, S. Z., Parr, J. J., Wallace, M. R., Wu, S. S., Borsa, P. A., Dai, Y. E., & Fillingim, R. B. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000328 · Cited by 22
“Only the 20-item trait portion of the STAI was used in the data analysis to capture a dispositional construct.”
MethodInfluential
Intercultural willingness to communicate within health services: Investigating anxiety, uncertainty, ethnocentrism and help seeking behaviour
Logan, S., Steel, Z., & Hunt, C. J. (2016) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.007 · Cited by 22
The moderating effect of trait anxiety on anxiety-related thoughts and actions whilst driving
Barnard, M. P., & Chapman, P. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.07.027 · Cited by 22
A randomized controlled trial comparing Transdiagnostic Behavior Therapy (TBT) and behavioral activation in veterans with affective disorders
Grös, D. F., & Allan, N. P. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112541 · Cited by 22
Self-citation
Sleep restriction and delayed sleep associate with psychological health and biomarkers of stress and inflammation in women
Tartar, J. L., Fins, A. I., Lopez, A., Sierra, L. A., Silverman, S. A., Thomas, S. V., & Craddock, T. J. A. (2015) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2015.09.007 · Cited by 22
“Moreover, it has been validated as an accurate measure of anxiety in adults,(2) and convergent and discriminant validation has been exhibited when compared with other measures.(39)”
Result
An investigation of the psychometric properties of the Social Thoughts and Beliefs Scale (STABS) and structure of cognitive symptoms in participants with social anxiety disorder and healthy controls
Grös, D. F., & Sarver, N. W. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.01.004 · Cited by 21
“The investigation of the convergent and discriminant validity also lacked a comparison between the STABS and another cognitive-based measure of anxiety (e.g., State Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety; Gros et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The LAOM Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Measuring Anxiety in Children and Adolescents
Kozina, A. (2011) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282911423362 · Cited by 28
Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Japanese Version of the Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale-Revised
Iwasa, K., Tanaka, T., & Yamada, Y. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164630 · Cited by 21
Factors influencing workload and stress during resuscitation – A scoping review
Liu, C., Yang, C., Lockey, A. S., Greif, R. T., Cheng, A., Abelairas-Gomez, C., Anderson, N., Bhanji, F., Breckwoldt, J., Cortegiani, A., et al. (2024) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100630 · Cited by 20
Is the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) a Valid Tool in Guiding the Management of Preoperative Anxiety in Adult Patients? A Literature Review
Sarah, S., & Lynn, S. (2019) · Journal of Nursing and Practice · doi:10.36959/545/368 · Cited by 20
Assessing metacognitive beliefs in test anxiety: Psychometric properties of the metacognitions questionnaire, 30 (MCQ-30) among university students
Huntley, C. D., Young, B., Smith, C. T., Jha, V., & Fisher, P. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00662-y · Cited by 23
Understanding Oneself to Understand Others: The Role of Alexithymia and Anxiety in the Relationships Between Autistic Trait Dimensions and Empathy
Brett, J. D., & Maybery, M. T. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05086-6 · Cited by 23
“The STICSA, measuring the tendency to experience cognitive and somatic anxiety on a 4-point Likert scale, was chosen over the more popular State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1983) to measure trait anxiety, as the STICSA is a more pure measure of anxiety (Grös et al., 2007).”
MethodResult
Self-rated health is associated with the length of stay at the intensive care unit and hospital following cardiac surgery
Cserép, Z., Losoncz, E., Tóth, R., Tóth, A., Juhász, B., Balog, P., Vargha, P., Gál, J., Contrada, R. J., Falger, P. R. J., et al. (2014) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-171 · Cited by 20
Symptoms as an Excuse: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Reporting as an Excuse for Cognitive Test Performance in the Context of Evaluative Threat
Suhr, J. A., & Wei, C. C. (2013) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.7.753 · Cited by 22
The Safety Behavior Assessment Form: Development and Validation.
Goodson, J., Haeffel, G., Raush, D., & Hershenberg, R. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22325 · Cited by 17
Yoga, quality of life, anxiety, and trauma in low-income adults with mental illness: A mixed-methods study
Brown, J. L. C., Eubanks, C., & Keating, A. (2016) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2016.1220441 · Cited by 22
Evaluation of the level of cortisol, capillary blood glucose, and blood pressure in response to anxiety of patients rehabilitated with complete dentures
Goiato, M. C., da Silva, E. V. F., Cândido, N. B., Nóbrega, A. S., de Medeiros, R. A., Sumida, D. H., Chiba, F. Y., & dos Santos, D. M. (2019) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-019-0763-z · Cited by 22
Do State and Trait Measures Measure States and Traits? The Case of Community-Dwelling Caregivers of Older Adults
Lance, C. E., Christie, J., & Williamson, G. M. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119888582 · Cited by 20
“LST models may be highly informative as research expands in this area to account for purer measures of symptomatology, such as is the case with the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety, and to include other dimensions of caregiver burden and personality variables.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Polish version of the Inventory of Complicated Grief – preliminary validation
Ludwikowska-Świeboda, K., & Lachowska, B. (2019) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/91729 · Cited by 21
“z depresją (r = 0,60 dla podskali lęku rozumianego jako cecha; r = 0,65 dla podskali lęku rozumianego jako stan) [35].”
Background
Relations between Loss of Services and Psychiatric Symptoms in Urban and Non-Urban Settings following a Natural Disaster
Grös, D. F., Price, M., Gros, K. S., Paul, L. A., McCauley, J. L., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9290-9 · Cited by 23
“Forth, the study measures were limited to PTSD, depression, and worry, suggesting additional measures of the symptoms of anxiety, including physiological anxiety, should be included in future research (Gros et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Interviewees’ Psychological Well-being in Investigative Interviews: a Therapeutic Jurisprudential Approach
Madsen, K., & Holmberg, U. (2014) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2014.918083 · Cited by 20
Neural Substrates Underlying Learning-Related Changes of the Unconditioned Fear Response
Wood, K. H., Kuykendall, D., Hoef, L. V., & Knight, D. C. (2013) · The Open Neuroimaging Journal · doi:10.2174/1874440001307010041 · Cited by 19
“The results indicated there was a main effect for stimulus type (F[1,20] = 38.30, p 0.05) and a main effect for trial (F[1,20] = 33.68, p 0.05).”
Influential
The impact of post-traumatic stress on first responders: analysis of cortisol, anxiety, depression, sleep impairment and pain
Bergen‐Cico, D., Lane, S. D., Thompson, M. L., Wozny, S., Zajdel, M., Barduhn, M. S., & Noce, J. (2015) · International Paramedic Practice · doi:10.12968/ippr.2015.5.3.78 · Cited by 18
“…percent (n=12) of the participants met Research © 2 01 5 M A H ea lth ca re L td International Paramedic Practice, VOL 5, NO 3 • www.internationaljpp.com 83 and the adjusted cognitive (20) and somatic (20) anxiety cut off scores according to the methodology recommended by Grös et al (2007).”
BackgroundMethod
Hubungan Antara Hospitalisasi Anak dengan Tingkat Kecemasan Orang Tua
Apriany, D. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.20884/1.jks.2013.8.2.477 · Cited by 19
Parental Emotion Socialization and Adult Outcomes: The Relationships Between Parental Supportiveness, Emotion Regulation, and Trait Anxiety
Cabecinha‐Alati, S., O’Hara, G., Kennedy, H., & Montreuil, T. C. (2019) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-019-09340-1 · Cited by 19

Authors: Grös, D. F., Antony, M. M., Simms, L. J., & McCabe, R. E.
Affiliations: University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton (CA)
ORCID: Grös, Daniel F.
Antony, Martin M.
Simms, Leonard J.
McCabe, Randi E.
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 19
Issue: 4
Pages: 369-381
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.369
OpenAlex: W2118347730
Cited by: 615
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 9.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, state anxiety, trait anxiety, anxiety assessment, psychometric validation, anxiety disorders, depression, factor structure
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Cognition, Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Somatoform Disorders, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Discriminant Analysis

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Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).

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