Cited by 3,970Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and AssessmentHealth Education and Validation

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Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments.

Floyd, Frank J., Widaman, Keith F.·1995·Psychological Assessment

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Abstract

The goals of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis are described and procedural guidelines for each approach are summarized, emphasizing the use of factor analysis in developing and refining clinical measures. For exploratory factor analysis, a rationale is presented for selecting between principal components analysis and common factor analysis depending on whether the research goal involves either identification of latent constructs or data reduction. Confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling is described for use in validating the dimensional structure of a measure. Additionally, the uses of confirmatory factor analysis for assessing the invariance of measures across samples and for evaluating multitrait-multimethod data are also briefly described. Suggestions are offered for handling common problems with item-level data, and examples illustrating potential difficulties with confirming dimensional structures from initial exploratory analyses are reviewed.

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Self-citation

Authors: Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
ORCID: Widaman, Keith F.
Venue: Psychological Assessment
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995-09
Volume: 7
Issue: 3
Pages: 286-299
ISSN: 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
1939-134X
DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286
OpenAlex: W2039173306
Cited by: 3,970
References: 68
Citations by year: 2026: 97 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 184 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 193 · 2021: 179 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 192 · 2017: 208 · 2016: 180 · 2015: 194 · 2014: 203 · 2013: 201 · 2012: 189
FWCI: 31.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: factor analysis, clinical assessment tools, instrument development, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, principal component analysis, common factor analysis, structural equation modeling, dimensional structure, measurement invariance, latent constructs

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Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments.

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