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Cited by 104Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchSocial and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale for Black individuals

Bailey, Tamba-Kuii M., Chung, Y. Barry, Williams, Wendi S., Singh, Anneliese A., Terrell, Heather K.·2011·Journal of Counseling Psychology
DOI 10.1037/a0023585
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Abstract

This article describes the development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale (IROS) for Black individuals in 2 studies using a total sample of 468 Black college students. The IROS is intended to measure the degree to which racial oppression is internalized and replicated by Black individuals in the United States. An exploratory factor analysis suggested a five-factor solution: Belief in the Biased Representation of History (BRH), Devaluation of the African Worldview and Motifs (DAW), Alteration of Physical Appearance (APA), Internalization of Negative Stereotypes (INS), and Hair Change (HC). Confirmatory factory analysis supported an adequate model fit of a four-factor model: BRH, APA, INS, and HC. All factors of the IROS were positively correlated with the Pre-Encounter subscale of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS-B; J. E. Helms & T. A. Parham, 1996), and 4 of the factors were negatively correlated with the Immersion/Emersion subscale of the RIAS-B. Four factors of the IROS were negatively correlated with all subscales and total scores of the African Self-Consciousness Scale (J. A. Baldwin & Y. R. Bell, 1985). These results provide some support of the validity of the IROS.

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  • Internalized racism has a measurable negative effect on African Americans' livelihoods, career aspirations, and psychological health.

    “Thus, naturally, internalized racism has a measurable negative effect on AAs’ livelihoods, career aspirations, and psychological health [5,23].”

    From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [5]

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Authors
Bailey, T.-K. M., Chung, Y. B., Williams, W. S., Singh, A. A., & Terrell, H. K.
Affiliations
Georgia State University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Counseling Psychology
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2011-10
Volume
58
Issue
4
Pages
481-493
ISSN
  • 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-2168
DOI
10.1037/a0023585
OpenAlex
W2149987885
Cited by
102
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
FWCI
13.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education
  • Georgia State University
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
internalized oppression, racial oppression, African American college students, scale development, scale validation, racial identity, hair changes, negative stereotypes, African worldview
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Black or African American, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prejudice, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Social Desirability, Social Identification, Stereotyping, Students, Southeastern United States, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult

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