The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.
Abstract
Although intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) are commonly used in behavioral measurement, psychometrics, and behavioral genetics, procedures available for forming inferences about ICCs are not widely known. Following a review of the distinction between various forms of the ICC, this article p
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“ICC decomposes observed variance into between-query variance (task difficulty) and within-query variance (agent inconsistency), highlighting whether reported results reflect true capability or measurement noise.”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as McGraw and Wong 1996
In the citing paper
“Retrieval Accuracy showed strong agreement among annotators. Percent Agreement ranged from 93% (GPT-4o) to 98% (GLM). The ICC values, which measure absolute agreement between raters [39], range from 78.1% for GPT-4o to 96.9% for GLM.”
From CAIM: Development and Evaluation of a Cognitive AI Memory Framework for Long-Term Interaction with Intelligent Agents (2026) · cites this paper as [39]
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420 · Cited by 24,532
An Approximate Distribution of Estimates of Variance Components
Satterthwaite, F. E. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002019 · Cited by 4,373
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–114 of 114
Hadash, Y., Ruimi, L., & Bernstein, A. (2023) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001194 · Cited by 23
Speech-Language Dissociations, Distractibility, and Childhood Stuttering
Clark, C. E., Conture, E. G., Walden, T. A., & Lambert, W. E. (2015) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2015_ajslp-14-0198 · Cited by 22
Forecasting errors in student media multitasking during homework completion
Calderwood, C., Green, J. D., Joy-Gaba, J. A., & Moloney, J. M. (2016) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.021 · Cited by 22
Interrater reliability for multilevel data: A generalizability theory approach.
ten Hove, D., Jorgensen, T. D., & van der Ark, L. A. (2022) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000391 · Cited by 22
Neurophysiological consequences of synapse loss in progressive supranuclear palsy
Adams, N. E., Jafarian, A., Perry, A., Rouse, M. A., Shaw, A. D., Murley, A. G., Cope, T. E., Bevan-Jones, W. R., Passamonti, L., Street, D., et al. (2023) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac471 · Cited by 21
Brøndbo, H., Mathiassen, B., Martinussen, M., Heiervang, E., Eriksen, M., & Kvernmo, S. (2012) · Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901208010016 · Cited by 19
Larsen, K., Aasland, A., & Diseth, T. H. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3355-2 · Cited by 17
Is vector body size the key to reduced malaria transmission in the irrigated region of Niono, Mali?
Manoukis, N. C., Touré, M. B., Sissoko, I., Doumbia, S., Traoré, S. F., Diuk-wasser, M. A., & Taylor, C. E. (2006) · Journal of Medical Entomology · doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2006)43[820:ivbstk]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 18
Serowik, K. L., Khan, A. J., LoCurto, J., & Orsillo, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9679-1 · Cited by 15
Responsibility causes reassurance seeking, too: An experimental investigation
Leonhart, M. W., & Radomsky, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.10.005 · Cited by 15
Therapy as an NLP Task: Comparing LLMs and Human Peers Behaviors in CBT Sessions
Iftikhar, Z., Ransom, S., Xiao, A., Nugent, N., & Huang, J. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2409.02244 · Cited by 6
Self-disclosure is associated with adrenocortical attunement between new acquaintances
Thorson, K. R., Ketay, S., Roy, A. R. K., & Welker, K. M. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105323 · Cited by 3
Westhäußer, R., Minker, W., & Zepf, S. (2026) · Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces · doi:10.1145/3742413.3789222 · Cited by 1
“Further, the Response Correctness is reduced from 87.5% to 63.5%.”
InfluentialStochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation
Mustahsan, Z., Lim, A., Anand, M., Jain, S., & McCann, B. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.06710
“Theintraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (Shrout and Fleiss 1979; McGraw and Wong 1996) has been widely used in psychometrics and medical research to assess measurement reliability by decomposing variance into between-subject and within-subject components.”
Metadata
- Authors
- McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-46
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- OpenAlex
- W2067724039
- Cited by
- 6,903
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 382 · 2025: 392 · 2024: 350 · 2023: 403 · 2022: 430 · 2021: 531 · 2020: 463 · 2019: 405 · 2018: 354 · 2017: 286 · 2016: 298 · 2015: 300 · 2014: 309 · 2013: 250 · 2012: 273
- FWCI
- 20.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2006-07-10)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- intraclass correlation coefficient, statistical inference, behavioral genetics, behavioral assessment, psychometrics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
