Forecasting errors in student media multitasking during homework completion
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In Calderwood et al. (2016), students predicted media use to result in lower negative affect and less self-control.
“Students predicted media use to result in lower negative affect and less self-control.”
From Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance (2018) · cites this paper as Calderwood et al., 2016
Multitasking students typically predict lower scores on academic performance than on-task students.
“Multitasking students typically predict lower scores on academic performance than on-task students.”
From Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance (2018) · cites this paper as Calderwood et al., 2016
In Calderwood et al. (2016), while the direction of their predictions was accurate, students underestimated the effect of media multitasking on their performance.
“While the direction of their predictions was accurate, students underestimated the effect of media multitasking on their performance.”
From Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance (2018) · cites this paper as Calderwood et al., 2016
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
(1975) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation) · Cited by 36,737 · see citing works
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1
Prensky, M. (2001) · On the Horizon · doi:10.1108/10748120110424816 · Cited by 11,104 · see citing works
Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472 · see citing works
Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants
(2012) · Corwin Press eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483387765.n6 · Cited by 7,114 · see citing works
Egeth, H. E., & Kahneman, D. J. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421603 · Cited by 6,976 · see citing works
Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients.
McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.1.30 · Cited by 6,903 · see citing works
High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x · Cited by 6,557 · see citing works
Lane, S. D. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315506173-8 · Cited by 4,707 · see citing works
Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 2: Do They Really Think Differently?
Prensky, M. (2001) · On the Horizon · doi:10.1108/10748120110424843 · Cited by 4,035 · see citing works
Computing Inter-Rater Reliability for Observational Data: An Overview and Tutorial
Hallgren, K. A. (2012) · Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.08.1.p023 · Cited by 3,884 · see citing works
The Strength Model of Self-Control
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x · Cited by 3,567 · see citing works
The Biological Basis of Personality
Eysenck, H. J. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781351305280 · Cited by 2,988 · see citing works
Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation
Tapscott, D. (1997) · Cited by 2,661 · see citing works
Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.
Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. P. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.617 · Cited by 1,547 · see citing works
Prospection: experiencing the future
Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1144161 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement? A Synthesis of Research, 1987–2003
Cooper, H., Robinson, J. C., & Patall, E. A. (2006) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543076001001 · Cited by 1,230 · see citing works
First year students' experiences with technology: Are they really digital natives?
Kennedy, G. E., Judd, T. S., Churchward, A., Gray, K. M., & Krause, K.-L. D. (2008) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.1233 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
The Hawthorne effect: A reconsideration of the methodological artifact.
Adair, J. G. (1984) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.69.2.334 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Affective Forecasting: Knowing What to Want
Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00355.x · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
The Biological Basis of Personality
Brody, N. (1988) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-091707-8.50008-2 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying
Rosen, L. D., Mark Carrier, L., & Cheever, N. A. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.001 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance
Junco, R., & Cotten, S. R. (2012) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.023 · Cited by 810 · see citing works
Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers
Sana, F., Weston, T., & Cepeda, N. J. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.003 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
In-class laptop use and its effects on student learning
Fried, C. B. (2008) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.006 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Threaded cognition: An integrated theory of concurrent multitasking.
Salvucci, D. D., & Taatgen, N. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.1.101 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Risk, T. I. H., & Yagnik, H. (1958) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-08164-9 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.
Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T. P., Meyers, J. M., Gilbert, D. T., & Axsom, D. K. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.821 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.
Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T. P., Meyers, J. M., Gilbert, D. T., & Axsom, D. K. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.5.821 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
The laptop and the lecture: The effects of multitasking in learning environments
Hembrooke, H., & Gay, G. (2003) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/bf02940852 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Wouldn’t it be nice? Predicting future feelings
Loewenstein, G. F., & Schkade, D. A. (1999) · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Strayer, D. L., Medeiros-Ward, N., & Watson, J. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054402 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Affect in Social Thinking and Behavior
Forgas, J. P. (2012) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203720752 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Can students really multitask? An experimental study of instant messaging while reading
Bowman, L. L., Levine, L. E., Waite, B. M., & Gendron, M. (2010) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2009.09.024 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
In-class multitasking and academic performance
Reynol Junco, A. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.031 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Wang, Z., & Tchernev, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01641.x · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Karpinski, A. C., Kirschner, P. A., Ozer, I., Mellott, J. A., & Ochwo, P. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.011 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
MEDIA MULTITASKING AMONG AMERICAN YOUTH: PREVALENCE, PREDICTORS AND PAIRINGS
Foehr, U. G. (2006) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 303 · see citing works
The Forgotten Voices in Homework: Views of Students
Warton, P. M. (2001) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3603_2 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Mauri, M., Cipresso, P., Balgera, A., Villamira, M., & Riva, G. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0377 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
(2010) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Salvucci, D. D., Taatgen, N. A., & Borst, J. P. (2009) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1518981 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Yeykelis, L., Cummings, J. J., & Reeves, B. (2014) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/jcom.12070 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
What else do college students “do” while studying? An investigation of multitasking
Calderwood, C., Ackerman, P. L., & Conklin, E. M. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.02.004 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationTime for Reflection: A Critical Examination of Polychronicity
König, C. J., & Waller, M. J. (2010) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959281003621703 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
(2010) · CSU ePress (Columbus State University) · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Left to Their Own Devices: College Students’ “Guilty Pleasure” Media Use and Time Management
Panek, E. (2014) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650213499657 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Writing Assignments Across the Curriculum: A National Study of College Writing
Melzer, D. (2009) · College Composition and Communication · doi:10.58680/ccc20099487 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Hwang, Y., Kim, H., & Jeong, S.-H. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.040 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Kononova, A. G., & Chiang, Y.-H. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.052 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Explicating multitasking with computers: Gratifications and situations
Zhang, W., & Zhang, L. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.006 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Learning variables, in-class laptop multitasking and academic performance: A path analysis
Zhang, W. (2014) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.09.012 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Making sense of multitasking: Key behaviours
Judd, T. S. (2013) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.12.017 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Metacognition of multitasking: How well do we predict the costs of divided attention?
Finley, J. R., Benjamin, A. S., & McCarley, J. S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000010 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gender, technology use and ownership, and media-based multitasking among middle school students
Cotten, S. R., Shank, D. B., & Anderson, W. A. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.041 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Green, J. D., Davis, J. L., Luchies, L. B., Coy, A. E., Tongeren, D. R. V., Reid, C. A., & Finkel, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAffective Forecasting: A User's Guide to Emotional Time Travel
Forgas, J. P. (2012) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203720752-17 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Mental Work: A study in psychodynamics.
Dodge, R. (1913) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0076069 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rosenzweig, E. L., & Critcher, C. R. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414540300 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
May, K. E., & Elder, A. D. (2018) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-018-0096-z · Cited by 287 · see citing works
What makes you a digital native? Is it enough to be born after 1980?
Akçayır, M., Dündar, H., & Akçayır, G. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.089 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
What College Instructors Can Do About Student Cyber-slacking
Flanigan, A. E., & Kiewra, K. A. (2017) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-017-9418-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Student learning in higher education through blogging in the classroom
Garcia, E., Moizer, J. D., Wilkins, S., & Haddoud, M. Y. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.03.011 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
To What Extent Do Study Habits Relate to Performance?
Walck-Shannon, E. M., Rowell, S. F., & Frey, R. F. (2021) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.20-05-0091 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Baumgartner, S. E., & Wiradhany, W. (2021) · Psychology of Popular Media · doi:10.1037/ppm0000338 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Międzobrodzka, E., Du, J., & van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104565 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Deng, L. (2019) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.5048 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Off-task social media multitasking during class: determining factors and mediating mechanism
Deng, L., Zhou, Y., & Hu, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-022-00321-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Romero, M., Altamura, L., Salmerón, L., & Delgado, P. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102593 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Understanding and Reacting to the Digital Distraction Phenomenon in College Classrooms
Flanigan, A. E., Babchuk, W. A., & Kim, J. H. (2022) · Advances in higher education and professional development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9243-4.ch001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Student's study behaviors as a predictor of performance in general chemistry I
Sickle, L. L. V., & Frey, R. F. (2024) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d3rp00207a · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Attention in our digital ecosystem: The five interactive components that drive media multitasking
Drody, A. C., Pereira, E. J., & Smilek, D. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02722-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effect of Texting with Friends during Video Lectures on High School Students’ Learning
Schellen, M., Lin, L., & Bigenho, C. (2017) · Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange · doi:10.18785/jetde.1001.01 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Role of blogging in perceived learning and satisfaction of students
Khan, B. U., Wei, S., Shah, S. N. A., Gul, R., Ullah, S., Mehmood, S., & Asma, A. (2020) · Journal of Public Affairs · doi:10.1002/pa.2120 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Forecasted Affect Towards Automated and Warning Safety Features
Noah, B. E., Gable, T. M., Schuett, J. H., & Walker, B. N. (2016) · International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI) · doi:10.1145/3004323.3004337 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
CYBERSLACKING : A LITERATURE REVIEW OF NON-ACADEMIC MEDIA MULTITASKING OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Simanjuntak, E., Nawangsari, N. A. F., & Ardi, R. (2018) · Journal of Educational Health and Community Psychology · doi:10.12928/jehcp.v7i3.10336 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Multitasking: The effects of watching Netflix and reading comprehension
Lauer, A. (2017) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Migdalski, S. T. (2019) · Digital Commons (Liberty University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neto, A. P., Barbosa, L., Barão, L., & Muci, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-99289-1_7
Meşe, İ., & Avcı, E. (2025) · Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.38155/ksbd.1597958
Media multitasking and academic achievement among different educational levels: a scoping review
Lax, M., Mölsä, M. E., Korhonen, J., & Söderberg, P. (2025) · Discover Education · doi:10.1007/s44217-025-01028-x · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Calderwood, C., Green, J. D., Joy-Gaba, J. A., & Moloney, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Calderwood, Charles
- Venue
- Computers & Education
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 94
- Pages
- 37-48
- ISSN
- 0360-1315 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1860988741
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 5.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers & Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Personal Information Management and User Behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Keywords
- media multitasking, homework completion, forecast error, self-control, negative affect, homework performance, media access, student media use, university students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
