Single-case intervention research: Methodological and statistical advances.
Abstract
Thanks to remarkable methodological and statistical advances in recent years, Single-Case design (SCD) research has become a viable and often essential option for researchers in applied psychology, education, and related fields. This text is a compendium of information and tools for researchers considering SCD research, a methodology in which one or several participants (or other units) comprise a systematically-controlled experimental intervention study. SCD is a highly flexible method of conducting applied intervention research where it is not feasible or practical to collect data from traditional groups of participants. Initial chapters lay out the key components of SCDs, from articulating dependent variables to documenting methods for achieving experimental control and selecting an appropriate design model. Subsequent chapters show when and how to implement SCDs in a variety of contexts and how to analyze and interpret results. Authors emphasize key design and analysis tactics, such as randomization, to help enhance the internal validity and scientific credibility of individual studies. This rich resource also includes in-depth descriptions of large-scale SCD research projects being undertaken at key institutions; practical suggestions from journal editors on how to get SCD research published; and detailed instructions for free, user-friendly, web-based randomization software.
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The onset of the ACT intervention was randomized across a 5- to 7-day period.
“As per Kratochwill and Levin, the onset of the ACT intervention was randomized across a 5- to 7-day period [60].”
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Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., Brock, M. E., Plavnick, J. B., Fleury, V. P., & Schultz, T. R. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z · Cited by 1,584 · see citing works
“such techniques is occurring (Kratochwill and Levin 2014), and meta-analysis of comprehensive reviews, such as this one, may be a direction for the future.”
BackgroundSingle-Case Intervention Research Design Standards
Kratochwill, T. R., Hitchcock, J. H., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2013) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932512452794 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., McDonald, S., Togher, L., Shadish, W., Horner, R., Kratochwill, T., Barlow, D. H., Kazdin, A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000027 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“…Barker et al., 2011; Barlow, Nock, & Hersen, 2009; Gast & Ledford, 2014; Horner et al., 2005; Kazdin, 2011; Kennedy, 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2013; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Morgan & Morgan, 2009; Riley-Tilman & Burns, 2009; Vannest, Davis, & Parker, 2013), as well as recent special issues of…”
Using response ratios for meta-analyzing single-case designs with behavioral outcomes
Pustejovsky, J. E. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.02.003 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.2016.96.7.e1 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“…Barker et al., 2011; Barlow, Nock, & Hersen, 2009; Gast & Ledford, 2014; Horner et al., 2005; Kazdin, 2011; Kennedy, 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2013; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Morgan & Morgan, 2009; Riley-Tillman & Burns, 2009; Vannest, Davis, & Parker, 2013), as well as recent special issues of…”
Aydın, O., & Yassikaya, M. Y. (2021) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-021-00284-0 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement.
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.04.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Revisiting ‘A critical review of simulation‐based medical education research: 2003–2009’
McGaghie, W. C., Issenberg, S. B., PETRUSA, E. R., & Scalese, R. J. (2016) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12795 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Analysis and meta-analysis of single-case designs: An introduction
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Recommendations for Choosing Single-Case Data Analytical Techniques.
Manolov, R., & Moeyaert, M. (2017) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.04.008 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2016.704002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…Jones, & Moran, 2011; Barlow et al., 2009; Gast & Ledford, 2014; Horner et al., 2005; Kazdin, 2011; Kennedy, 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2013; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Morgan & Morgan, 2009; Riley-Tillman & Burns, 2009; Vannest, Davis, & Parker, 2013 (Horner et al., 2005; Kratochwill et…”
Sanetti, L. M. H., Collier‐Meek, M. A., Long, A. C. J., Byron, J. R., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2015) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2015.03.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kratochwill, T. R., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Machalicek, W., Ferron, J. M., & Johnson, A. H. (2023) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2022.12.002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Teleconsultation: The use of technology to improve evidence-based practices in rural communities
Bice-Urbach, B. J., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.02.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Shadish, W. R., Hedges, L. V., Horner, R. H., & Odom, S. L. (2015) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Comparison of randomization-test procedures for single-case multiple-baseline designs
Levin, J. R., Ferron, J. M., & Gafurov, B. S. (2016) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2016.1197708 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Specifically, here we examine: (1) the restricted Marascuilo–Busk randomization test for which intervention start-point selection is restricted to ensure between-case intervention start-point staggers of either at least one or at least two observations; (2) the Koehler–Levin procedure with either two or three potentia…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMultilevel modeling of single-case data: A comparison of maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation.
Moeyaert, M., Rindskopf, D., Onghena, P., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000136 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement.
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000026 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Ruiz, F. J., Flórez, C. L., García-Martín, M. B., Monroy-Cifuentes, A., Barreto-Montero, K., García-Beltrán, D. M., Riaño-Hernández, D., Sierra, M. A., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., Cardona-Betancourt, V., et al. (2018) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.04.004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Wolfe, K., Seaman, M. A., & Drasgow, E. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445516644699 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Finally, several limitations of the primary studies on visual analysis agreement compromise their findings (Brossart et al., 2006; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014) and complicate our interpretation of these meta-analyses.”
BackgroundRindskopf, D. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.10069-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The impact of ordinate scaling on the visual analysis of single-case data
Dart, E. H., & Radley, K. C. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.03.008 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Power of a randomization test in a single case multiple baseline AB design
Bouwmeester, S., & Jongerling, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228355 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Rakap, S. (2017) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/0022487116685753 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“It is a dynamic process that allows data-based decision making with respect to implementation and effects of the intervention through continuous examination of raw data on the dependent variable (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
Analyzing data from single-case alternating treatments designs.
Manolov, R., & Onghena, P. (2017) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000133 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Nonlinear Bayesian analysis for single case designs
Rindskopf, D. M. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2013.12.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kratochwill, T. R., & Levin, J. R. (2014) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.01.003 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting guideline In BEhavioural interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement.
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T. R., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.04.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…Barker et al., 2011; Barlow, Nock, & Hersen, 2009; Gast & Ledford, 2014; Horner et al., 2005; Kazdin, 2011; Kennedy, 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2013; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Morgan & Morgan, 2009; Riley-Tilman & Burns, 2009; Vannest, Davis, & Parker, 2013), as well as recent special issues of…”
Ruiz, F. J., Luciano, C., Flórez, C. L., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., & Cardona-Betancourt, V. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00356 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2016.1190533 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ferron, J. M., Joo, S., & Levin, J. R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1002/jaba.410 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Levin, J. R., Ferron, J. M., & Gafurov, B. S. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.02.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…the past several years single-case research methodology and associated data- analysis procedures have elevated their scientific “credibility” (Levin, 1994) among educational and psychological intervention researchers (see, for example, Kratochwill et al., 2013; and Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
BackgroundThe Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W. R., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R. H., Kazdin, A. E., Kratochwill, T. R., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2016.1178022 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Testing the Intervention Effect in Single-Case Experiments: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study
Heyvaert, M., Moeyaert, M., Verkempynck, P., Van den Noortgate, W., Vervloet, M., Ugille, M., & Onghena, P. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2015.1123667 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…the two most promising inferential approaches for testing an intervention effect that are often used for analyzing SCED data (see, e.g., Huo, Heyvaert, Van den Noortgate, & Onghena, 2014; Jenson, Clark, Kircher, & Kristjansson, 2007; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Shadish, Rindskopf, & Hedges, 2008).”
MethodIntervention Tournaments: An Overview of Concept, Design, and Implementation
Hameiri, B., & Moore‐Berg, S. L. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211058090 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…Platform Trials Coalition, 2019)—is the more standard, wildly used, “status quo” approach and has generally been considered the “gold standard” approach (e.g., Adaptive Platform Trials Coalition, 2019; Concato et al., 2000; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Slade & Priebe, 2001; Wilson & Juarez, 2015).”
MethodOne by One: Accumulating Evidence by using Meta-Analytical Procedures for Single-Case Experiments
Onghena, P., Michiels, B., Jamshidi, L., Moeyaert, M., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2017) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1017/brimp.2017.25 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Although there are as many approaches to the meta ‐ analysis of SCEs as there are approaches to meta ‐ analysis, we believe that the multilevel approach provides a versatile, flexible, and comprehensive framework for the meta ‐ analysis of SCEs, and that it enables the single ‐ case researcher to connect to general st…”
BackgroundConfidence intervals for single-case effect size measures based on randomization test inversion
Michiels, B., Heyvaert, M., Meulders, A., & Onghena, P. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0714-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Examples include the AB design and extensions thereof such as the ABA and the ABAB design (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Onghena, 1992).”
MethodConner, P., Goral, M., Anema, I., Borodkin, K., Haendler, Y., Knoph, M., Mustelier, C., Paluska, E., Melnikova, Y., & Moeyaert, M. (2018) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699206.2018.1435723 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Byun, T. M., Hitchcock, E. R., & Ferron, J. (2017) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-16-0344 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Although single-case design is well established in some fields, it is relatively unknown in others, which can pose a challenge when researchers communicate single-case findings to the broader research community (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
BackgroundPreston, J., McAllister, T., Phillips, E., Boyce, S., Tiede, M., Kim, J. S., & Whalen, D. (2019) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2019_ajslp-18-0261 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Therefore, it is considered good practice to augment this approach with quantitative evidence, including effect sizes and hypothesis tests (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
MethodFallon, L. M., Collier‐Meek, M. A., Sanetti, L. M. H., Feinberg, A. B., & Kratochwill, T. R. (2015) · Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation · doi:10.1080/10474412.2015.1039124 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“This pilot study employed a randomized multiple-baseline design across the two triads (Kratochwill & Levin, 2010, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodSabey, C. V., Charlton, C. T., Pyle, D., Lignugaris-Kraft, B., & Ross, S. W. (2017) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654316689307 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“An effect was defined as a noticeable change in level, trend, data variability, overlap, and consistency, or some combination of the five, in a therapeutic direction at or near the introduction or removal of the independent variable (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
BackgroundMacaya, M. M., & Horner, R. H. (2020) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/0198742920953497 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fernández‐Álvarez, J., Colombo, D., Suso‐Ribera, C., Chirico, A., Serino, S., Lernia, D. D., García‐Palacios, A., Riva, G., & Botella, C. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100407 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Improved Randomization Tests for a Class of Single-Case Intervention Designs
Levin, J. R., Ferron, J. M., & Gafurov, B. S. (2014) · Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods · doi:10.22237/jmasm/1414814460 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evaluating implementation supports delivered within problem-solving consultation
Collier‐Meek, M. A., Sanetti, L. M. H., Levin, J. R., Kratochwill, T. R., & Boyle, A. M. (2019) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2018.12.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
What Works Clearinghouse Standards and Generalization of Single-Case Design Evidence
Hitchcock, J. H., Kratochwill, T. R., & Chezan, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-015-9224-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Byun, T. M. (2017) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0038 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Cowan, R. J., Abel, L., & Candel, L. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3076-6 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Differential Effects of Visual-Acoustic Biofeedback Intervention for Residual Speech Errors
Byun, T. M., & Campbell, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00567 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“To take these gains into consideration, a logistic mixed model (e.g., Rindskopf and Ferron, 2014) was fitted over all data points from pre- and post-treatment probes elicited during the two phases of treatment.”
MethodRandomization tests for changing criterion designs
Onghena, P., Tanious, R., De, T. K., & Michiels, B. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Investigation of Single-Case Multiple-Baseline Randomization Tests of Trend and Variability
Levin, J. R., Ferron, J. M., & Gafurov, B. S. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09549-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Behavioural interventions to treat drooling in children with neurodisability: a systematic review
McInerney, M., Reddihough, D. S., Carding, P. N., Swanton, R., Walton, C., & Imms, C. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14048 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W. R., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R. H., Kazdin, A. E., Kratochwill, T. R., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489539.2016.1190525 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Levin, J. R., Kratochwill, T. R., & Ferron, J. M. (2019) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.558 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sansosti, F. J., Doolan, M. L., Remaklus, B. L., Krupko, A., & Sansosti, J. M. (2014) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-014-0042-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Preston, J. L., McAllister, T., Phillips, E., Boyce, S., Tiede, M., Kim, J. S., & Whalen, D. H. (2018) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0441 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bowman, A. W., & Turner, M. J. (2022) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102167 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ganz, J. B., Pustejovsky, J. E., Reichle, J. E., Vannest, K. J., Foster, M., Pierson, L. M., Wattanawongwan, S., Bernal, A. J., Chen, M., Haas, A., et al. (2022) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.1080/07434618.2022.2116355 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…also have several limitations, including that (a) they aggregate outcomes across participants and thus might conceal participant-level variation (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014); (b) their estimation methods are only available for multiple baseline, multiple probe, and treatment reversal designs…”
BackgroundMorano, S., Ruíz, S., Hwang, J. L., Wertalik, J. L., Moeller, J. D., Karal, M. A., & Mulloy, A. M. (2017) · Autism & Developmental Language Impairments · doi:10.1177/2396941516688399 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…there has been considerable debate regarding the validity of various methods (e.g., Allison & Gorman, 1993; Beretvas & Chung, 2008; Ferron, 2002; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Salzberg, Strain, & Baer, 1987; Shadish, Rindskopf, & Hedges, 2008; Scruggs, Mastropieri, & Casto, 1987; Scruggs &…”
Lavelle, J., Storan, D., Eswara Murthy, V., De Dominicis, N., Mulcahy, H. E., & McHugh, L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11102757 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“As per Kratochwill and Levin, the onset of the ACT intervention was randomized across a 5- to 7-day period [60].”
MethodInterventions for improving mental health in athletes: a scoping review
Ekelund, R., Holmström, S., Gustafsson, H., Ivarsson, A., Lundqvist, C., & Stenling, A. (2023) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2023.2258383 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The intervention e ff ect is thereby demonstrated by introducing the independent variable (i.e. the intervention) to di ff erent (multiple) baselines at di ff erent points in time (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
Between-case standardized mean differences: Flexible methods for single-case designs
Chen, M., Pustejovsky, J. E., Klingbeil, D. A., & Norman, E. R. V. (2023) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2023.02.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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Gettinger, M., Kratochwill, T. R., Eubanks, A., Foy, A., & Levin, J. R. (2021) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2021.09.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Efficacy of Electropalatography for Treating Misarticulation of /r/.
Hitchcock, E. R., Byun, T. M., Swartz, M. T., & Lazarus, R. (2017) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0122 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“A criterion of baseline stability, defined as 10% mean session-to-session variability over the baseline interval, was adopted to establish the absence of maturational gains prior to the initiation of treatment (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
MethodWendel, E., Cawthon, S. W., Ge, J., & Beretvas, S. N. (2015) · The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/enu049 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Otherwise, these designs cannot be distinguished from a series of separate AB designs” (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014, p. E.4).”
BackgroundThirumanickam, A., Raghavendra, P., McMillan, J. M., & van Steenbrugge, W. (2018) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.1080/07434618.2018.1523948 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hwang, Y., Levin, J. R., & Johnson, E. (2016) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2015.1100689 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…stark contrast to a response-guided intervention startpoint determination on the part of the interventionist, a procedure that has been much preferred and almost universally implemented by single-case interventionists out of the behavior-analysis tradition (see, for example, Horner & Odom, 2014).”
BackgroundRaulston, T., Zemantic, P. K., Machalicek, W., Hieneman, M., Kurtz-Nelson, E., Barton, H., Hansen, S., & Frantz, R. (2019) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.05.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 Statement
Tate, R. L., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W. R., Vohra, S., Barlow, D. H., Horner, R. H., Kazdin, A. E., Kratochwill, T. R., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Remedial and Special Education · doi:10.1177/0741932516652893 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Grace, E., Raghavendra, P., McMillan, J. M., & Shipman, J. (2019) · Augmentative and Alternative Communication · doi:10.1080/07434618.2018.1557250 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“A single case experimental design (SCED) requires frequent repeated measurement (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014) which, given the length of the SEAS-PCS tool, would have placed an unfeasible burden on participants.”
MethodPhilp, J., Ellis, P. K., Scherer, N. J., & Lien, K. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8090736 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Aslan, S. D., & Çolak, A. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2022.2087772 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Speech Intervention for Children With Cleft Palate Using Principles of Motor Learning
Hanley, L., Ballard, K. J., Dickson, A., & Purcell, A. A. (2022) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2022_ajslp-22-00007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Feldman, J. I., Dunham, K., Conrad, J. G., Simon, D. M., Cassidy, M. M., Liu, Y., Tu, A., Broderick, N. A., Wallace, M. T., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101555 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Parent-Implemented Behavior Interventions via Telehealth for Older Children and Adolescents
Drew, C. M., Machalicek, W., Crowe, B., Glugatch, L. B., Wei, Q., & Erturk, B. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-021-09464-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Personal Best (PB) goal-setting enhances arithmetical problem-solving
Ginns, P., Martin, A. J., Durksen, T. L., Burns, E. C., & Pope, A. (2018) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-018-0268-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Interventions for ASD: A Focus on Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Interventions
Grigorenko, E. L., Stephanie, T., Lebedeva, E., & Бондарь, Е. А. (2018) · Психология Журнал Высшей школы экономики · doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2018-4-711-727 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Batley, P. N., & Hedges, L. V. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01522-0 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…experimental designs where randomization is often impossible or inappropriate (e.g. low incidence disabilities, rare diseases, comorbid health conditions) has been discussed at length in SCED literature (e.g. Gast & Ledford, 2014; Kratochwill et al., 2010; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Shadish, 2014).”
BackgroundMethodMaggin, D. M. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1007/s10864-015-9239-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Defining and assessing immediacy in single‐case experimental designs
Manolov, R., & Onghena, P. (2022) · Journal of The Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.799 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…we know of (i.e., Barker et al., 2011; Barlow et al., 2009; Franklin, Allison, & Gorman, 1996; Janosky et al., 2009; Kazdin, 2020; Kennedy, 2005; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Ledford & Gast, 2018; Morgan & Morgan, 2009; Morley, 2018; Poling & Fuqua, 1986; RileyTillman et al., 2020; Sidman, 1960;…”
Multilevel modeling in single-case studies with zero-inflated and overdispersed count data
Li, H., Luo, W., & Baek, E. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02359-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Evaluating the Effect of Positive Parent Contact on Elementary Students’ On-Task Behavior
Fefer, S. A., Hieneman, M., Virga, C., Thoma, A., & Donnelly, M. (2020) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300720908009 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Randomization of cases and intervention start date was used to increase internal validity (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
MethodInfluentialThe impact of response-guided baseline phase extensions on treatment effect estimates
Joo, S., Ferron, J. M., Beretvas, S. N., Moeyaert, M., & Noortgate, W. V. D. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.018 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Special Issue on Advances in Single-Case Research Design and Analysis
Machalicek, W., & Horner, R. H. (2018) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2018.1468600 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Aydın, O. (2023) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2023.2181191 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Reproducibility in Small- N Treatment Research: A Tutorial Using Examples From Aphasiology
Cavanaugh, R., Quique, Y. M., Swiderski, A. M., Kallhoff, L., Terhorst, L. A., Wambaugh, J. L., Hula, W. D., & Evans, W. S. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00333 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Single-Case Reporting Guideline In BEhavioural Interventions (SCRIBE) 2016 statement
Tate, R., Perdices, M., Rosenkoetter, U., Shadish, W., Vohra, S., Barlow, D., Horner, R., Kazdin, A., Kratochwill, T., McDonald, S., et al. (2016) · Canadian journal of occupational therapy. Revue canadienne d'ergotherapie · doi:10.1177/0008417416648124 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…Barker et al., 2011; Barlow, Nock, & Hersen, 2009; Gast & Ledford, 2014; Horner et al., 2005; Kazdin, 2011; Kennedy, 2005; Kratochwill et al., 2013; Kratochwill & Levin, 2014; Morgan & Morgan, 2009; Riley-Tilman & Burns, 2009; Vannest, Davis, & Parker, 2013), as well as recent special issues of…”
Babik, I., Cunha, A. B., & Lobo, M. A. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C Seminars in Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31719 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The replication of effects across multiple participants of varying ages is a strength of the current single-case study design that improves its internal and external validity (Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
BackgroundLi, H., Luo, W., Baek, E., Thompson, C. G., & Lam, K. H. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01691-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fraser, E. E., Downing, M. G., Haines, K., Bennett, L., Olver, J., & Ponsford, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11123525 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Statistical analyses used the Tau-U statistic, which is a nonparametric index of the percentage of the data that do not overlap minus the percentage of the data that overlap between phases [78].”
MethodUnbiased individual unconsciousness: Rationale, replication and developing applications
Tsikandilakis, M., Bali, P., Karlis, A., Mével, P.-A., Madan, C. R., Derrfuß, J., & Milbank, A. G. (2023) · Current Research in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100109 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Finch, W. H., & Finch, M. H. (2017) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2017.1339010 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“There exist a number of data analytic strategies for SS research designs, including various graphical techniques and effect sizes, multilevel models, permutation tests, and interrupted time series among others (see Kratochwill & Levin, 2014).”
Hwang, Y., & Levin, J. R. (2019) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.10.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Pham, L. N., & Tin, T. B. (2022) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2022.102731 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ortega, J. V., Moeyaert, M., Sivaraman, M., Tarifa‐Rodríguez, A., & Fernández‐Castilla, B. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19964-6_28 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Understanding psychological engagement and flow in community pharmacy practice
Austin, Z., & Gregory, P. J. (2019) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.06.013 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Venue
- American Psychological Association eBooks
- Publisher
- American Psychological Association
- Published
- 2014
- OpenAlex
- W2302472531
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 33.83
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychological Association eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research
- Keywords
- single-case experimental design, experimental control, randomization, internal validity, design model, dependent variables
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