The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory.
Abstract
This article describes the construction of the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI), and 5 studies that examined its psychometric properties. Factor analysis indicated 11 distinct factors: Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, and Pursuit of Status. Results from Studies 2-5 indicated that the CMNI had strong internal consistency estimates and good differential validity comparing men with women and groups of men on health-related questions; all of the CMNI subscales were significantly and positively related to other masculinity-related measures, with several subscales being related significantly and positively to psychological distress, social dominance, aggression, and the desire to be more muscular, and significantly and negatively to attitudes toward psychological help seeking and social desirability; and CMNI scores had high test-retest estimates for a 2-3 week period.
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In the citing paper
“While being the primary economic support in a household is a common feature of traditional masculinity [48], there appears to be added pressure to provide economically among these respondents given their status as former political prisoners.”
From Masculinity and mental health treatment initiation for former political prisoners in Yangon, Myanmar – a qualitative investigation (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Mahalik and his team developed the Conformity to Masculinity Norms Inventory (CMNI) (Mahalik et al., 2003) and the Conformity to Femininity Norms Inventory (CFNI) (Mahalik et al., 2005), which offer a multidimensional vision of gender, basing study of gender on norms considered before the formation of stereotyped behaviors and roles.”
From Health From a Gender Perspective (2017) · cites this paper as Mahalik et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“When the original 94-item instrument was developed it was shown to have good internal consistency, construct validity and discriminant validity [20].”
From Masculinity and suicidal thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“These were assessed by the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22), which is an abbreviated version of the original 94-item CMNI that was designed to measure cognitive, behavioural and affective conformity to dominant masculine ideologies [20].”
From Masculinity and suicidal thinking (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
An Index of Factorial Simplicity
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Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741 · Cited by 4,872
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Bem, S. L. (1981) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.88.4.354 · Cited by 4,408
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Courtenay, W. H. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00390-1 · Cited by 4,091
Menaghan, E. G. (2004) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/009430610403300625 · Cited by 2,812
Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking
Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.5 · Cited by 2,761
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Derogatis, 1993, Brief Symptom Inventory: Administration, scoring and procedures manual--II.
- Fischer, 1970, Orientation to seeking professional psychological help: Development and research utility of an attitude scale., Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 994
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hard won and easily lost: a review and synthesis of theory and research on precarious manhood
Vandello, J. A., & Bosson, J. K. (2013) · Psychology of Men & Masculinity · doi:10.1037/a0029826 · Cited by 871
Stop Blaming the Victim: A Meta-Analysis on Rape Myths
Suarez, E. B., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260509354503 · Cited by 869
O'Neil, J. M. (2008) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000008317057 · Cited by 721
Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men's health behaviors
Mahalik, J. R., Burns, S. M., & Syzdek, M. (2007) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.035 · Cited by 675
Self-citationVogel, D. L., Heimerdinger-Edwards, S. R., Hammer, J. H., & Hubbard, A. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023688 · Cited by 551
Metadata
- Authors
- Mahalik, J. R., Locke, B. D., Ludlow, L. H., Diemer, M. A., Scott, R. P. J., Gottfried, M., & Freitas, G.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Valparaiso University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Men & Masculinity
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-25
- ISSN
- 1524-9220 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-151X
- OpenAlex
- W1964528140
- Cited by
- 1,295
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 72 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 67 · 2013: 70 · 2012: 56
- FWCI
- 40.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology of Men & Masculinity (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- masculinity, masculine norms, psychometric properties, factor structure, winning, emotional control, risk-taking, violence, dominance, Playboy, self-reliance, psychological distress, aggression, social dominance, help-seeking attitudes, test-retest reliability, gender differences
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