Cited by 2,224Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.

Bradley, Margaret M., Codispoti, Maurizio, Cuthbert, Bruce N., Lang, Peter J.·2001·Emotion

DOI 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Emotional reactions are organized by underlying motivational states--defensive and appetitive--that have evolved to promote the survival of individuals and species. Affective responses were measured while participants viewed pictures with varied emotional and neutral content. Consistent with the motivational hypothesis, reports of the strongest emotional arousal, largest skin conductance responses, most pronounced cardiac deceleration, and greatest modulation of the startle reflex occurred when participants viewed pictures depicting threat, violent death, and erotica. Moreover, reflex modulation and conductance change varied with arousal, whereas facial patterns were content specific. The findings suggest that affective responses serve different functions-mobilization for action, attention, and social communication-and reflect the motivational system that is engaged, its intensity of activation, and the specific emotional context.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276

Cites

78 of 78 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120
Textbook of Medical Physiology
Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (1966) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-64-6-1363_2 · Cited by 9,760
Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9 · Cited by 9,538
Self-citation
The Measurement of Meaning
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957) · Cited by 9,433
Untitled work
(1974) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,295
The Organization of Behavior; A Neuropsychological Theory.
Attneave, F., B., M., & Hebb, D. O. (1950) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1418888 · Cited by 5,146
Handbook of Psychophysiology
(2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396 · Cited by 4,482
Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.
Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813 · Cited by 4,273
The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory
(1950) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02910470083028 · Cited by 4,272
Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change
Garfield, S. L., Bergin, A. E., & Dryden, W. (1987) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.1.4.264a · Cited by 3,998

Show all 79 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

Codispoti, 1998, Stimulus complexity and affective content: Startle reactivity over time., Psychophysiology, 35, S25
Cook, 1987, Stimulus control and data acquisition for IBM PCs and compatibles., Psychophysiology, 24, 726
Cook, 1997, VPM reference manual.
Globisch, 1993, A computer program for scoring reflex eyeblink and electrodermal responses written in Pascal., Psychophysiology, 39, S30
10.1017/S0048577201000762 · DOI
Lang, 1980, Behavioral treatment and bio-behavioral assessment: Computer applications., 119
10.1037/0003-066X.50.5.372 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,007

Anteromedial Temporal Lobe Damage Blocks Startle Modulation by Fear and Disgust.
Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., & Adolphs, R. (2004) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.2.429 · Cited by 82
Social vision: Sustained perceptual enhancement of affective facial cues in social anxiety
McTeague, L. M., Shumen, J. R., Wieser, M. J., Lang, P. J., & Keil, A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.080 · Cited by 84
Self-citation
Psychophysiological arousal signatures of near-misses in slot machine play
Dixon, M. J., Harrigan, K. A., Jarick, M., MacLaren, V. V., Fugelsang, J. A., & Sheepy, E. (2011) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2011.603134 · Cited by 79
Nothing to Fear? An Analysis of College Students' Fear Experiences With Video Games
Lynch, T., & Martins, N. (2015) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1029128 · Cited by 92
Enter feelings: Somatosensory responses following early stages of visual induction of emotion
Rudrauf, D., Lachaux, J.-P., Damásio, A. R., Baillet, S., Hugueville, L., Martinerie, J. M., Damásio, H., & Renault, B. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.015 · Cited by 89
Brain and personality bases of insensitivity to infant cues in neglectful mothers: An event-related potential study
López, M. J. R., León, I., Quiñones, I., Lage‐Castellanos, A., Byrne, S., & Bobes, M. A. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000714 · Cited by 79
A Framework Combining Delta Event‐Related Oscillations (EROs) and Synchronisation Effects (ERD/ERS) to Study Emotional Processing
Klados, M. A., Frantzidιs, C. A., Vivas, A. B., Papadelis, C. L., Lithari, C. D., Pappas, C., & Bamidis, P. D. (2009) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2009/549419 · Cited by 79
Emotional Empathy and Facial Mimicry for Static and Dynamic Facial Expressions of Fear and Disgust
Rymarczyk, K., Żurawski, Ł., Jankowiak-Siuda, K., & Szatkowska, I. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01853 · Cited by 89
MRI Shows that Exhaustion Syndrome Due to Chronic Occupational Stress is Associated with Partially Reversible Cerebral Changes
Savic, I., Perski, A., & Osika, W. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw413 · Cited by 83
Emotional expression in psychiatric conditions: New technology for clinicians
Grabowski, K., Rynkiewicz, A., Lassalle, A., Baron‐Cohen, S., Schuller, B. W., Cummins, N., Baird, A., Podgórska‐Bednarz, J., Pieniążek, A., & Łucka, I. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12799 · Cited by 86
Adaptation of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) for European Portuguese
Soares, A. P., Pinheiro, A. P., Costa, A., Frade, S., Comesaña, M., & Pureza, R. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0535-2 · Cited by 78
Emotional modulation of the post‐auricular reflex
Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., & Lang, A. R. (2004) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.00160.x · Cited by 78
Emotional regulation strategies in daily life: the intensity of emotions and regulation choice
Kozubal, M., Szuster, A., & Wielgopolan, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218694 · Cited by 77
Psychophysiological modeling: Current state and future directions
Bach, D. R., Castegnetti, G., Korn, C. W., Gerster, S., Melinščak, F., & Moser, T. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13209 · Cited by 80
Why don’t you feel how I feel? Insight into the absence of empathy after severe Traumatic Brain Injury
de Sousa, A., McDonald, S., Rushby, J. A., Li, S., Dimoska, A., & James, C. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.08.008 · Cited by 90
Preparedness for Action: Responding to the Snake in the Grass
Flykt, A. (2006) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/20445317 · Cited by 78
Some animal specific fears are more specific than others: Evidence from attention and emotion measures
Soares, S. C., Esteves, F. G., Lundqvist, D., & Öhman, A. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.022 · Cited by 77
Are valence and arousal separable in emotional experience?
Kron, A., Pilkiw, M., Banaei, J., Goldstein, A., & Anderson, A. K. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0038474 · Cited by 89
The Naked Truth: The Face and Body Sensitive N170 Response Is Enhanced for Nude Bodies
Hietanen, J. K., & Nummenmaa, L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024408 · Cited by 77
Emotional modulation of pain and spinal nociception in fibromyalgia
Rhudy, J. L., DelVentura, J. L., Terry, E. L., Bartley, E. J., Olech, E., Palit, S., & Kerr, K. L. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.03.025 · Cited by 77
The SenseEmotion Database: A Multimodal Database for the Development and Systematic Validation of an Automatic Pain- and Emotion-Recognition System
Velana, M., Gruss, S., Layher, G., Thiam, P., Zhang, Y., Schork, D., Kessler, V., Meudt, S., Heiko Neumann, B., Kim, J., et al. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59259-6_11 · Cited by 77
Aesthetic perception of photovoltaic integration within new proposals for ecological architecture
Sánchez‐Pantoja, N., Vidal, R., & Pastor, M. C. (2018) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.02.027 · Cited by 77
Uncertainty is associated with increased selective attention and sustained stimulus processing
Dieterich, R., Endrass, T., & Kathmann, N. (2016) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0405-8 · Cited by 76
Affect prediction from physiological measures via visual stimuli
Zhou, F., Qu, X., Helander, M. G., & Jiao, J. R. (2011) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2011.07.005 · Cited by 76
Social value orientation modulates fairness processing during social decision-making: evidence from behavior and brain potentials
Hu, X., & Mai, X. (2021) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsab032 · Cited by 85
Micro-foundations of strategic decision-making in family business organisations: A cognitive neuroscience perspective
Yu, X., Liu, T., He, L., & Li, Y. (2022) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2022.102198 · Cited by 84
The psychophysiology of mixed emotional states
Kreibig, S. D., Samson, A. C., & Gross, J. J. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12064 · Cited by 89
A multi-method laboratory investigation of emotional reactivity and emotion regulation abilities in borderline personality disorder
Kuo, J. R., Fitzpatrick, S., Metcalfe, R., & McMain, S. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.05.002 · Cited by 83
The relation between continuous and discrete emotional responses to food odors with facial expressions and non-verbal reports
He, W., Boesveldt, S., de Graaf, C., & de Wijk, R. A. (2015) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.09.003 · Cited by 78
Is empathy necessary to comprehend the emotional faces? The empathic effect on attentional mechanisms (eye movements), cortical correlates (N200 event-related potentials) and facial behaviour (electromyography) in face processing
Balconi, M., & Canavesio, Y. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.993306 · Cited by 75
Sensation Seeking and the Aversive Motivational System.
Lissek, S. M., Baas, J. M. P., Pine, D. S., Orme, K., Dvir, S., Rosenberger, E. M., & Grillon, C. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.396 · Cited by 75
Pain, hedonic regulation, and opioid misuse: Modulation of momentary experience by Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement in opioid-treated chronic pain patients
Garland, E. L., Bryan, C. J., Finan, P. H., Thomas, E. A., Priddy, S. E., Riquino, M. R., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.033 · Cited by 71
Affective biases in English are bi-dimensional
Warriner, A. B., & Kuperman, V. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.968098 · Cited by 80
Appraisal-driven somatovisceral response patterning: Effects of intrinsic pleasantness and goal conduciveness
Aue, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.04.004 · Cited by 74
Meet OLAF, a Good Friend of the IAPS! The Open Library of Affective Foods: A Tool to Investigate the Emotional Impact of Food in Adolescents
Miccoli, L., Delgado, R., Rodríguez‐Ruiz, S., Guerra, P. M., García-Mármol, E., & Fernández‐Santaella, M. C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114515 · Cited by 74
Habituation, sensitization, and emotional valence modulation of pain responses
Rhudy, J. L., Bartley, E. J., & Williams, A. E. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.11.018 · Cited by 74
Processing Central and Peripheral Detail: How Content Arousal and Emotional Tone Influence Encoding
Yegiyan, N. S., & Lang, A. (2010) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213260903563014 · Cited by 74
Rapid heartbeat, but dry palms: reactions of heart rate and skin conductance levels to social rejection
Iffland, B., Sansen, L. M., Catani, C., & Neuner, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00956 · Cited by 80
Disgust as a mechanism for decision making under risk: Illuminating sex differences and individual risk-taking correlates of disgust propensity.
Sparks, A. M., Fessler, D. M. T., Chan, K. Q., Ashokkumar, A., & Holbrook, C. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000389 · Cited by 77
Threat-relevance impairs executive functions: Negative impact on working memory and response inhibition.
Lindström, B., & Bohlin, G. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027305 · Cited by 82
Sustained Preferential Processing of Social Threat Cues: Bias without Competition?
Wieser, M. J., McTeague, L. M., & Keil, A. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21566 · Cited by 75
Benefits of emotional integration and costs of emotional distancing
Roth, G., Shahar, B., Zohar‐Shefer, Y., Benita, M., Moed, A., Bibi, U., Kanat‐Maymon, Y., & Ryan, R. M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12366 · Cited by 82
Changes in flavour, emotion, and electrophysiological measurements when consuming chocolate ice cream in different eating environments
Xu, Y., Hamid, N., Shepherd, D., Kantono, K., & Spence, C. J. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.05.002 · Cited by 72
Right ventromedial prefrontal lesions result in paradoxical cardiovascular activation with emotional stimuli
Hilz, M. J., Devinsky, O., Szczepanska, H., Borod, J. C., Marthol, H., & Tutaj, M. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl299 · Cited by 72
Impact of prenatal maternal cytokine exposure on sex differences in brain circuitry regulating stress in offspring 45 years later
Goldstein, J. M., Cohen, J. E., Mareckova, K., Holsen, L., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Gilman, S. E., Buka, S. L., & Hornig, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2014464118 · Cited by 70
Sex, hormones and affective arousal circuitry dysfunction in schizophrenia
Goldstein, J. M. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.029 · Cited by 73
Valence and Arousal Ratings for 420 Finnish Nouns by Age and Gender
Söderholm, C., Häyry, E., Laine, M., & Karrasch, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072859 · Cited by 71
Low implicit and explicit aversion toward self-cutting stimuli longitudinally predict nonsuicidal self-injury.
Franklin, J. C., Puzia, M., Lee, K. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036436 · Cited by 80
Emotional perception and neuroendocrine changes
Codispoti, M., Gerra, G., Montebarocci, O., Zaimovic, A., Raggi, M. A., & Baldaro, B. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00104 · Cited by 70
Self-citation
Hormones, Stress, and Cognition: The Effects of Glucocorticoids and Oxytocin on Memory
Wirth, M. M. (2014) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-014-0010-4 · Cited by 77
Embodying approach motivation: Body posture influences startle eyeblink and event-related potential responses to appetitive stimuli
Price, T. F., Dieckman, L. W., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.04.001 · Cited by 75
Psychometric properties of startle and corrugator response in NPU, affective picture viewing, and resting state tasks
Kaye, J. T., Bradford, D. E., & Curtin, J. J. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12663 · Cited by 70
Psychophysiological Responses to Kawaii Pictures With or Without Baby Schema
Nittono, H., & Ihara, N. (2017) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244017709321 · Cited by 69
Coding for ‘Dynamic’ Information: Vocal Expression of Emotional Arousal and Valence in Non-human Animals
Briefer, E. F. (2020) · Animal signals and communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39200-0_6 · Cited by 85
Implicit and explicit categorization of natural scenes
Codispoti, M., Ferrari, V., Cesarei, A. D., & Cardinale, R. (2006) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56003-0 · Cited by 69
Self-citation
Place your bets: psychophysiological correlates of decision-making under risk
Studer, B., & Clark, L. (2011) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0025-2 · Cited by 72
Emotional contagion and trait empathy in prosocial behavior in young people: The contribution of autonomic (facial feedback) and Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) measures
Balconi, M., & Canavesio, Y. (2012) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.742492 · Cited by 76
The effects of voluntary regulation of positive and negative emotion on psychophysiological responsiveness
Driscoll, D. M., Tranel, D., & Anderson, S. W. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.012 · Cited by 74
Rater Reactions to Forced Distribution Rating Systems
Schleicher, D. J., Schaefer, R. A. B., & Green, S. G. (2008) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206307312514 · Cited by 69
Aversive stimuli exacerbate defensive motor behaviour in motor conversion disorder
Blakemore, R. L., Sinanaj, I., Galli, S., Aybek, S., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.005 · Cited by 74
A positive touch: C-tactile afferent targeted skin stimulation carries an appetitive motivational value
Pawling, R., Trotter, P. D., McGlone, F. P., & Walker, S. C. (2017) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.057 · Cited by 69
On the psychophysiological and defensive nature of psychological reactance theory
Clayton, R. B. (2022) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqac016 · Cited by 68
Emotional words impact the mind but not the body: evidence from pupillary responses.
Bayer, M., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01219.x · Cited by 67
The neural circuitry of affect-induced distortions of trust
Engelmann, J. B., Meyer, F., Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau3413 · Cited by 70
Expressive suppression versus cognitive reappraisal: Effects on self-report and peripheral psychophysiology
Mohammed, A., Kosonogov, V., & Lyusin, D. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.007 · Cited by 75
Heart rate responses to standardized trauma-related pictures in acute posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., Sündermann, O., Boellinghaus, I., Voßbeck-Elsebusch, A. N., Gamer, M., Briddon, E., Martin, M. W., & Glucksman, E. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.04.009 · Cited by 66
Is freezing an adaptive reaction to threat? Evidence from heart rate reactivity to emotional pictures in victims of war and torture
Adenauer, H., Catani, C., KEIL, J. E., Aichinger, H., & Neuner, F. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00940.x · Cited by 67
Implicit emotion regulation affects outcome evaluation
Yang, Q., Tang, P., Gu, R., Luo, W., & Luo, Y. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu124 · Cited by 72
Inherent emotional quality of human speech sounds
Myers‐Schulz, B., Pujara, M. S., Wolf, R. C., & Koenigs, M. R. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.754739 · Cited by 66
Vocal individuality of Holstein-Friesian cattle is maintained across putatively positive and negative farming contexts
Green, A., Clark, C., Favaro, L., Lomax, S., & Reby, D. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54968-4 · Cited by 66
Game Sound Technology and Player Interaction
Grimshaw, M. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61692-828-5 · Cited by 112
The valence strength of unpleasant emotion modulates brain processing of behavioral inhibitory control: Neural correlates
Yuan, J., Meng, X., Yang, J., Yao, G., Hu, L., & Yuan, H. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.015 · Cited by 67
Valence and Arousal: A Comparison of Two Sets of Emotional Facial Expressions
Adolph, D., & Alpers, G. W. (2010) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.2.0209 · Cited by 74
Understanding ethical purchasing behavior: Validation of an enhanced stage model of ethical behavior
Andersch, H., Arnold, C., Seemann, A., & Lindenmeier, J. (2019) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.02.004 · Cited by 65
The apparent reality of movies and emotional arousal: A study using physiological and self-report measures
Rooney, B., Benson, C., & Hennessy, E. (2012) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/j.poetic.2012.07.004 · Cited by 65
Event-related brain potentials during the standard autonomic-based concealed information test
Matsuda, I., Nittono, H., Hirota, A., Ogawa, T., & Takasawa, N. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.07.004 · Cited by 65
Fuzzy picture processing: Effects of size reduction and blurring on emotional processing.
Cesarei, A. D., & Codispoti, M. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.352 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
Affective engagement for facial expressions and emotional scenes: The influence of social anxiety
Wangelin, B. C., Bradley, M. M., Kastner, A. K., & Lang, P. J. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.05.002 · Cited by 70
Self-citation
Modeling cognitive load and physiological arousal through pupil diameter and heart rate
Jerčić, P., Sennersten, C. C., & Lindley, C. A. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6518-z · Cited by 64
Empathy in Facial Mimicry of Fear and Disgust: Simultaneous EMG-fMRI Recordings During Observation of Static and Dynamic Facial Expressions
Rymarczyk, K., Żurawski, Ł., Jankowiak-Siuda, K., & Szatkowska, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00701 · Cited by 73
The parietal operculum preferentially encodes heat pain and not salience
Horing, B., Sprenger, C., & Büchel, C. (2019) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000205 · Cited by 70
Emotion regulation and motor performance: an integrated review and proposal of the Temporal Influence Model of Emotion Regulation (TIMER)
Beatty, G. F., & Janelle, C. M. (2019) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2019.1695140 · Cited by 81
Approach and Avoidance Motivation: Issues and Advances
Eder, A. B., Elliot, A. J., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2013) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073913477990 · Cited by 64
When Emotion Blinds: A Spatiotemporal Competition Account of Emotion-Induced Blindness
Wang, L., Kennedy, B. L., & Most, S. B. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00438 · Cited by 70
Listening to urban soundscapes: Physiological validity of perceptual dimensions
Irwin, A., Hall, D. A., Peters, A., & Plack, C. J. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01051.x · Cited by 70
Avoidance of smoking: the impact of warning labels in Brazil
Nascimento, B. E. M., Oliveira, L., Vieira, A. S., Joffily, M., Gleiser, S., Pereira, M. G., Cavalcante, T., & Volchan, E. (2008) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2008.025643 · Cited by 64
Reduced positive emotion and underarousal are uniquely associated with subclinical depression symptoms: Evidence from psychophysiology, self‐report, and symptom clusters
Benning, S. D., & Oumeziane, B. A. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12853 · Cited by 72
How Product–Environment Brightness Contrast and Product Disarray Impact Consumer Choice in Retail Environments
Reynolds-McIlnay, R., Morrin, M., & Nordfält, J. (2017) · Journal of Retailing · doi:10.1016/j.jretai.2017.03.003 · Cited by 69
Affective modulation and prepulse inhibition of startle among undergraduates high and low in behavioral inhibition and approach
Hawk, L. W., & Kowmas, A. D. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00013 · Cited by 63
Predicting Emotional Responses to Long Informal Text
Paltoglou, G., Theunis, M., Kappas, A., & Thelwall, M. A. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/t-affc.2012.26 · Cited by 61
The Shutdown Dissociation Scale (Shut-D)
Schalinski, I., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. R. (2015) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.25652 · Cited by 62
Rapid discrimination of visual scene content in the human brain
Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., Sirevaag, E. J., Kristjansson, S. D., Rohrbaugh, J., & Heath, A. C. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.108 · Cited by 62
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia responses to induced emotional states: Effects of RSA indices, emotion induction method, age, and sex
Overbeek, T. J. M., Boxtel, A. V., & Westerink, J. H. D. M. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.05.011 · Cited by 62
Perception of emotional valence in horse whinnies
Briefer, E. F., Mandel, R., Maigrot, A.-L., Freymond, S. B., Bachmann, I., & Hillmann, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Zoology · doi:10.1186/s12983-017-0193-1 · Cited by 62
An Emotional Call to Action: Integrating Affective Neuroscience in Models of Motor Control
Blakemore, R. L., & Vuilleumier, P. O. (2017) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073916670020 · Cited by 59
Emotional response to images of wind turbines: A psychophysiological study of their visual impact on the landscape
Maehr, A. M., Watts, G. R., Hanratty, J., & Talmi, D. (2015) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.05.011 · Cited by 62
When a Fear Appeal Isn't Just a Fear Appeal: The Effects of Graphic Anti-tobacco Messages
Leshner, G., Vultee, F., Bolls, P. D., & Moore, J. (2010) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2010.498850 · Cited by 61
Integrating Biosignals Measurement in Virtual Reality Environments for Anxiety Detection
Petrescu, L., Petrescu, C., Mitruț, O., Moise, G., Moldoveanu, A. D. B., Moldoveanu, F., & Leordeanu, M. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20247088 · Cited by 62
The role of valence, arousal, stimulus type, and temporal paradigm in the effect of emotion on time perception: A meta-analysis
Cui, X., Tian, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Bai, Y., Li, D., Liu, J., Gable, P. A., & Yin, H. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02148-3 · Cited by 67
The tell-tale: What do heart rate; skin temperature and skin conductance reveal about emotions of people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities?
Vos, P., Cock, P. D., Munde, V. S., Petry, K., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Maes, B. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.006 · Cited by 61

Authors: Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
ORCID: Bradley, Margaret M.
Codispoti, Maurizio
Cuthbert, Bruce N.
Lang, Peter J.
Venue: Emotion
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 276-298
ISSN: 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
1931-1516
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276
OpenAlex: W1977500242
Cited by: 2,224
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 77 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 125 · 2012: 107
FWCI: 7.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Emotion (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh043975-12)
National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH052384, MH 43975, MH27757, P50 MH 52384)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: motivation, defensive reactions, emotional arousal, skin conductance, cardiac deceleration, startle response, threats, violent death, erotic literature, facial expressions, image processing, emotional responses
MeSH terms: Adult, Defense Mechanisms, Emotions, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Motivation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Visual Perception

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks