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Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Abstract
Emotional reactions are organized by underlying motivational states--defensive and appetitive--that have evolved to promote the survival of individuals and species. Affective responses were measured while participants viewed pictures with varied emotional and neutral content. Consistent with the motivational hypothesis, reports of the strongest emotional arousal, largest skin conductance responses, most pronounced cardiac deceleration, and greatest modulation of the startle reflex occurred when participants viewed pictures depicting threat, violent death, and erotica. Moreover, reflex modulation and conductance change varied with arousal, whereas facial patterns were content specific. The findings suggest that affective responses serve different functions-mobilization for action, attention, and social communication-and reflect the motivational system that is engaged, its intensity of activation, and the specific emotional context.
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“Others have extended this model to emotional memory for images, facial expressions, language, and experiences (Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, & Lang, 2001;Osgood, 1966;Robinson, 1980;Russell, 1980).”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Bradley et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Bradley, Lang, and colleagues (Bradley et al., 2001;Bradley, Greenwald, Petry, & Lang, 1992) have examined memory for emotional words and pictures, consistently describing a”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Bradley et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Yet much of the evidence for an unpleasantness bias comes from comparisons of arousing negative stimuli with neutral stimuli (e.g., Banaji & Hardin, 1994;Bradley et al., 2001;Carter, 1936), therefore providing equal support for an intensity bias.”
From Emotional Intensity Predicts Autobiographical Memory Experience (2004) · cites this paper as Bradley et al., 2001
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 276-298
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W1977500242
- Cited by
- 2,224
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 77 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 125 · 2012: 107
- FWCI
- 7.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh043975-12)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH052384, MH 43975, MH27757, P50 MH 52384)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- motivation, defensive reactions, emotional arousal, skin conductance, cardiac deceleration, startle response, threats, violent death, erotic literature, facial expressions, image processing, emotional responses
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Defense Mechanisms, Emotions, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Motivation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Visual Perception
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