Cited by 2,224Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.

Bradley, Margaret M., Codispoti, Maurizio, Cuthbert, Bruce N., Lang, Peter J.·2001·Emotion

DOI 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276

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Abstract

Emotional reactions are organized by underlying motivational states--defensive and appetitive--that have evolved to promote the survival of individuals and species. Affective responses were measured while participants viewed pictures with varied emotional and neutral content. Consistent with the motivational hypothesis, reports of the strongest emotional arousal, largest skin conductance responses, most pronounced cardiac deceleration, and greatest modulation of the startle reflex occurred when participants viewed pictures depicting threat, violent death, and erotica. Moreover, reflex modulation and conductance change varied with arousal, whereas facial patterns were content specific. The findings suggest that affective responses serve different functions-mobilization for action, attention, and social communication-and reflect the motivational system that is engaged, its intensity of activation, and the specific emotional context.

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Authors: Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
ORCID: Bradley, Margaret M.
Codispoti, Maurizio
Cuthbert, Bruce N.
Lang, Peter J.
Venue: Emotion
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 276-298
ISSN: 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
1931-1516
DOI: 10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276
OpenAlex: W1977500242
Cited by: 2,224
References: 79
Citations by year: 2026: 77 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 126 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 137 · 2013: 125 · 2012: 107
FWCI: 7.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Emotion (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh043975-12)
National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH052384, MH 43975, MH27757, P50 MH 52384)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: motivation, defensive reactions, emotional arousal, skin conductance, cardiac deceleration, startle response, threats, violent death, erotic literature, facial expressions, image processing, emotional responses
MeSH terms: Adult, Defense Mechanisms, Emotions, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Motivation, Surveys and Questionnaires, Visual Perception

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Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.

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