The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Sex differences in the time course of emotion.
Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that women are more "emotional" than men. However, research evidence suggests that sex differences in emotion are considerably more complex. The authors tested hypotheses about sex differences in the engagement of the approach and avoidance motivational systems thought to underpin emotional responses. The authors measured reported emotional experience and startle response magnitude both during the presentation and after the offset of emotional stimuli that engage these motivational systems to assess whether men and women differ in their patterns of immediate response to emotional stimuli and in their patterns of recovery from these responses. Our findings indicated that women were more experientially reactive to negative, but not positive, emotional pictures compared to men, and that women scored higher than men on measure of aversive motivational system sensitivity. Although both men and women exhibited potentiation of the startle response during the presentation of negative pictures relative to neutral pictures, only women continued to show this relative potentiation during the recovery period, indicating that women were continuing to engage the aversive motivational system after the offset of negative emotional pictures.
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“While speculative, this account of gender differences is consistent with the finding that women score higher than men on both the behavioral inhibition scale and the reward sensitivity subscale of the behavioral activation scale (Carver & White, 1994; Gard & Kring, 2007).”
From Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal (2008) · cites this paper as Gard & Kring, 2007
Citations
Cites
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Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
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Lang, P. J. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,870
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation: An fMRI Study of Cognitive Reappraisal
McRae, K., Ochsner, K. N., Mauss, I. B., Gabrieli, J. J. D., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207088035 · Cited by 910
Sex differences in brain activation to emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
Stevens, J. S., & Hamann, S. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.03.011 · Cited by 588
Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science
Kring, A. M., & Moran, E. K. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn071 · Cited by 458
Self-citationGender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and Expressivity
Deng, Y., Chang, L., Yang, M., Huo, M., & Zhou, R. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158666 · Cited by 382
The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation
Domes, G., Schulze, L., Böttger, M., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Wirtz, P. H., Heinrichs, M., & Herpertz, S. C. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20903 · Cited by 347
Metadata
- Authors
- Gard, M. G., & Kring, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Kring, Ann M.
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2007-05
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 429-437
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W2117237786
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH12918-01A1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- sex differences in emotion, startle potentiation, emotional pictures, emotional experience, negative emotions, positive emotions, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Avoidance Learning, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Motivation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Sex Characteristics, Reflex, Startle
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