Electrophysiological correlates of encoding and retrieving emotional events

“This sustained pro- cessing has been linked to memory encoding and storage (Dolcos & Cabeza, 2002); a recent study by Koenig and Mecklinger (2008) found that although both pleasant and unpleasant pictures modulated posterior positivity in the 250–450 msec range, only later modulation of positive…”

“As one example, increased LPP has been related to increased memory (Dolcos and Cabeza, 2002; Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008).”

“Yet other studies report better recall for pleasant than unpleasant or neutral material (Kissler and Hauswald, 2008; Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008), especially in designs that, like in the present study, use incidental encoding conditions (Kiefer et al.”

“The posterior P300 –500 ERP effect has been linked to enhanced memory for emotional content and may reflect increased attention to emotionally salient stimuli during encoding (Deidrich et al., 1997; Dolcos and Cabeza, 2002; Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008).”

“Reflective attention is posited to be the mechanism by which mental representations become activated and maintained for prolonged processing and evaluation (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Shipstead, Harrison, & Engle, 2012).”

“The current findings are consistent with previous studies that found an emotional modulation of the ERP old–new effect using alternative ways of tapping recollection (Inaba et al., 2007; Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008; Weymar et al., 2009).”

“Extending previous ERP findings using shorter retention intervals [Dietrich et al., 2001; Inaba et al., 2005; Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008; Langeslag and van Strien, 2008], we showed enhanced parietal old/new effects for emotional events 1 week (replicating Weymar et al. [2009, 2010]) and 1 year…”

“…& Burgess, 2014; Nashiro & Mather, 2011; Rimmele, Davachi, Petrov, Dougal, & Phelps, 2011; Touryan, Marian, & Shimamura, 2007) or no effects (e.g., Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Sharot & Phelps, 2004) when retrieving emotional, relative to neutral, contextual source information (e.g., paired words,…”

“The enhancement of this 332 component has been related to memory encoding 333 and storage processes [44, 45].”

“ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 23 April 2014 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00340”

“Differences between different types of pictures were much more pronounced for slow potentials than for the P300, as one might expect [37], [38].”

“LPN in an emotional memory task was not influenced by emotional content (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008), which is consistent with present data in which slow wave did not differ by emotion condition.”

“…stimuli and that emotional stimuli capture more attention than neutral stimuli (Adolphs et al., 2000; Calvo et al., 2007; Dolan, 2002; Gomes et al., 2013; Kensinger, 2007; Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008; LaBar and Cabeza, 2006; Phelps, 2004; Sato et al., 2001; Schupp et al., 2003; Todd et al., 2012a).”

“…(LPP) are two ERPs associated with smoking cue reactivity representing deployment of attentional processing to salient stimuli and the continuation of attentional processing to facilitate memory storage (Hajcak and Olvet 2008; Koenig and Mecklinger 2008; Littel et al. 2012; Polich and Kok 1995).”

“…540 towards pleasant in contrast to unpleasant and neutral stimuli (e.g., 541 Deldin et al., 2001; Ferré, 2003; Herbert et al., 2008, 2009; Kiefer et al., 542 2007; Kissler and Hauswald, 2008; Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008; 543 Monnier and Syssau, 2008; Schapkin et al., 2000;Watson et al., 2007).”

“The same findings were demonstrated by a similar study which tested source memory minutes after participants encoded positive, negative, and neutral images across two blocks, again while focusing on the items and their temporal source (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008).”

“A recent experiment by König and Mecklinger (2008) supports this notion: emotional words enhanced both the P300 and the LPP, but only LPP amplitude was associated with subsequent memory.”

“For example, source memory accuracy has been shown to be reduced (Mather et al., 2006) or equivalent (Kensinger & Schacter, 2006a; Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008) for emotional and neutral images.”

“…semantic elaboration, and autobiographical association rather than from automatic orienting or prioritised consolidation (discussed by Anderson, Wais, & Gabrieli, 2006; Buchanan, Etzel, Adolphs, & Tranel, 2006; Kensinger & Corkin, 2004; Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Talmi & Moscovitch, 2004).”

“…compared to neutral pictures and is thought to reflect sustained attention toward motivationally relevant stimuli (Cuthbert et al., 2000; Hajcak et al., 2010; Schupp et al., 2000) as well as their preferential encoding and storage in memory (Dolcos and Cabeza, 2002; Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008).”

“In terms of its functionality, it has been argued that the LPP reflects an increase in sustained attention in order to facilitate the extended processing of motivational information, including higher cognitive processes such as memory encoding and retention (Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008).”

“These results suggest that emotion can modulate recollection processes, given that source memory tasks require participants to retrieve information belonging to the context in which a central item has been encoded (Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008; Wilding and Rugg, 1996, 1997; Yick and Wilding, 2014).”

“Konig and Mecklinger (2008) also report temporarily extended frontal positive slow waves associated with the processing of positively valenced images from 250 to 1000 msec.”

“The former is a slow wave over the frontal sites which was evoked by pleasant stimuli (Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008), and the latter is a long-lasting positivity over the centroparietal sites which was usually evoked by arousing stimuli (Palomba et al., 1997; Dolcos and Cabeza, 2002; Olofsson et…”

“However, more active stimulus processing and a more sustained processing mode seem to be required to form a stable memory trace of a stimulus (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008) and to allow for its conscious recognition (Schupp et al., 2008) and recall (Herbert et al., 2008; Herbert, Kissler, Junghöfer,…”

“…differences in ERP positivity between old and new items has been reliably found during explicit recognition for words (Windmann & Kutas, 2001), faces (Johansson, Mecklinger, & Treese, 2004), and scenes (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Versace, Bradley, & Lang, 2010; Weymar, Löw, Schwabe, & Hamm, 2010).”

“LPP has been linked to memory maintenance, reinterpretation of stimulus meaning, as well as attentional biases as measured by RT (Koenig and Mecklinger, 2008; MacNamara et al., 2009; Gable and Harmon-Jones, 2010).”

“Such a component was also recorded in the current source memory case, coinciding with literature focusing on various types of contextual details, such as colours, locations, voices, and so on (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Leynes & Nagovsky, 2016; Nie et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2020).”

“For instance, after viewing a list of items, participants may report when an item occurred (D’Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2005; Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Minor & Herzmann, 2019; Palombo et al., 2021; Palumbo et al., 2018; Rimmele et al., 2012; Yick et al., 2015) or reconstruct the order of items…”

“…and negative images are frequent when participants’ assessments are requested in order to form stimuli categories with the evaluations of the same people involved in experiments, instead of the IAPS normative ratings (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Langeslag & van Strien, 2008; Weymar et al., 2009).”

“…source memory, some studies show that it is enhanced in an emotional situation (D’Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2005; Rimmele et al., 2012; Schmidt et al., 2011) whilst other studies find no effect of emotion on this type of associative memory (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Minor & Herzmann, 2019).”

“…(300–700 ms, centroparietal) reflect attentional processing of salient stimuli as well as the continuation of attentional processing to facilitate memory storage (Cuthbert, Schupp, Bradley, Birbaumer, & Lang, 2000; Hajcak & Olvet, 2008; Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Littel et al., 2012; Polich, 2007).”

“…(ANEW; e.g., Chan & Singhal, 2013), while twelve studies used the International Affective Picture System (IAPS; e.g.,Chapman et al., 2012; Humphreys et al., 2010; Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Riggs et al., 2011; Talmi & MacGarry, 2012; Talmi et al., 2007; Talmi et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2015).”

“Thus, in the current study, the LPP amplitude to uncertain negative stimuli was chosen as an indicator of higher-level cognitive processing (29).”

“Most studies employing prospective memory paradigms, where participants anticipate later memory tests on temporal context, have reported null effects of emotion on temporal source memory (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008; Minor & Herzmann, 2019; but see Yick et al., 2015).”

“Research from affective neuroscience also shows that the persistence of an emotional experience may predict better memory for emotional pictures (Koenig & Mecklinger, 2008).”