Autism and the extraction of emotion from briefly presented facial expressions: Stumbling at the first step of empathy
Abstract
Identification of other people's emotion from quickly presented stimuli, including facial expressions, is fundamental to many social processes, including rapid mimicry and empathy. This study examined extraction of valence from brief emotional expressions in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a condition characterized by impairments in understanding and sharing of emotions. Control participants were individuals with reading disability and typical individuals. Participants were shown images for durations in the range of microexpressions (15 ms and 30 ms), thus reducing the reliance on higher level cognitive skills. Participants detected whether (a) emotional faces were happy or angry, (b) neutral faces were male or female, and (c) neutral images were animals or objects. Individuals with ASD performed selectively worse on emotion extraction, with no group differences for gender or animal?object tasks. The emotion extraction deficit remains even when controlling for gender, verbal ability, and age and is not accounted for by speed-accuracy tradeoffs. The deficit in rapid emotional processing may contribute to ASD difficulties in mimicry, empathy, and related processes. The results highlight the role of rapid early emotion processing in adaptive social?emotional functioning.
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Reading emotions from faces, voices, or posture is a core social-cognitive ability and an early component of empathy.
“Identification of others’ emotions based on facial, vocal or postural cues is a critical social cognitive capacity and an important ‘first step’ in empathy [17]”
From Is Ecstasy an “Empathogen”? Effects of +/- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Prosocial Feelings and Identification of Emotional States in Others (2010) · cites this paper as [17]
The earlier imaging study could not optimally detect a behavioral drug effect because its facial expressions were obvious, shown for four seconds, and limited to a few basic emotions.
“The emotional expressions shown were not subtle [18], they were presented for a long period (4 seconds) [17], and we selected a relatively narrow range of basic emotions (e.g. fear, anger and happiness [19]), excluding more complex, culturally-determined affective states, such as shame and jealousy [20].”
From Is Ecstasy an “Empathogen”? Effects of +/- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Prosocial Feelings and Identification of Emotional States in Others (2010) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Clark, T. F., Winkielman, P., & McIntosh, D. N.
- Affiliations
- McREL International (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Denver (US)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 803-809
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W1979334796
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Autism Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, emotion recognition, facial expressions, micro-expressions, empathy, social cognition, valence judgment, gender perception, speed-accuracy trade-off, mimicry
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Autistic Disorder, Empathy, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Social Perception, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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