The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Orienting to social stimuli differentiates social cognitive impairment in autism and schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
Both autism and schizophrenia feature deficits in aspects of social cognition that may be related to amygdala dysfunction, but it is unclear whether these are similar or different patterns of impairment. We compared the visual scanning patterns and emotion judgments of individuals with autism, individuals with schizophrenia and controls on a task well characterized with respect to amygdala functioning. On this task, eye movements of participants are recorded as they assess emotional content within a series of complex social scenes where faces are either included or digitally erased. Results indicated marked abnormalities in visual scanning for both disorders. Controls increased their gaze on face regions when faces were present to a significantly greater degree than both the autism or schizophrenia groups. While the control and the schizophrenia groups oriented to face regions faster when faces were present compared to when they were absent, the autism group oriented at the same rate in both conditions. The schizophrenia group, meanwhile, exhibited a delay in orienting to face regions across both conditions, although whether anti-psychotic medication contributed to this effect is unclear. These findings suggest that while processing emotional information in social scenes, both individuals with autism and individuals with schizophrenia fixate faces less than controls, although only those with autism fail to orient to faces more rapidly based on the presence of facial information. Autism and schizophrenia may therefore share an abnormality in utilizing facial information for assessing emotional content in social scenes, but differ in the ability to seek out socially relevant cues from complex stimuli. Impairments in social orienting are discussed within the context of evidence suggesting the role of the amygdala in orienting to emotionally meaningful information.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Social stimuli are relatively less salient for individuals with ASD.
“social stimuli are relatively less salient for individuals with ASD [558-560].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [558]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738
The distributed human neural system for face perception
Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., & Gobbini, M. I. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01482-0 · Cited by 4,891
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.041 · Cited by 3,553
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Third Edition
Wechsler, D. (2019) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t49755-000 · Cited by 2,327
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809 · Cited by 2,120
Lord, C., Rutter, M., Goode, S., Heemsbergen, J., Jordan, H., Mawhood, L., & Schopler, E. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02211841 · Cited by 2,030
Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia
Wright, I. C., Rabe-Hesketh, S., Woodruff, P. W. R., David, A. S., Murray, R. M., & Bullmore, E. T. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.16 · Cited by 1,662
Dawson, G., Toth, K., Abbott, R., Osterling, J., Munson, J., Estes, A., & Liaw, J. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.271 · Cited by 1,477
The neurobiology of social cognition
Adolphs, R. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00202-6 · Cited by 1,432
Self-citationCastelli, F. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf189 · Cited by 1,377
A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage
Adolphs, R., Gosselin, F., Buchanan, T. W., Tranel, D., Schyns, P., & Damasio, A. R. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03086 · Cited by 1,331
Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study
Baron‐Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. C. R. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x · Cited by 1,320
Castelli, F., Happe, F. G. E., Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0612 · Cited by 1,289
Visual scanning of faces in autism
Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1016374617369 · Cited by 1,187
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-09-05879.1995 · Cited by 1,138
Self-citationChildren with Autism Fail to Orient to Naturally Occurring Social Stimuli
Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., Rinaldi, J., & Brown, E. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026043926488 · Cited by 1,065
Social Intelligence in the Normal and Autistic Brain: An fMRI Study
Baron‐Cohen, S., RING, H. A., Wheelwright, S. J., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., & Williams, S. (2002) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3077.003.0028 · Cited by 1,044
Autism diagnostic interview: A standardized investigator-based instrument
Le Couteur, A., Rutter, M., Lord, C., Rios, P., Robertson, S., Holdgrafer, M., & McLennan, J. (1989) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02212936 · Cited by 1,036
Schultz, R. T., Gauthier, I., Klin, A., Fulbright, R. K., Anderson, A. W., Volkmar, F., Skudlarski, P., Lacadie, C., Cohen, D. J., & Gore, J. C. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.331 · Cited by 1,000
Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., & Jolliffe, T. (1997) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/713756761 · Cited by 990
A functional imaging study of cooperation in two-person reciprocal exchange
McCabe, K., Houser, D., Ryan, L., Smith, V., & Trouard, T. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.211415698 · Cited by 984
Face processing occurs outside the fusiform ‘face area’ in autism: evidence from functional MRI
Pierce, K. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.10.2059 · Cited by 898
The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour
Critchley, H. D., Daly, E. M., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C. R., Van Amelsvoort, T., Robertson, D. M., Rowe, A., Phillips, M., McAlonan, G., Howlin, P., et al. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2203 · Cited by 816
Facial Emotion Recognition in Schizophrenia: Intensity Effects and Error Pattern
Kohler, C. G., Turner, T. H., Bilker, W. B., Brensinger, C. M., Siegel, S. J., Kanes, S., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1768 · Cited by 782
Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Schizophrenia as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nelson, M. D., Saykin, A. J., Flashman, L. A., & Riordan, H. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.433 · Cited by 756
Face-sensitive regions in human extrastriate cortex studied by functional MRI
Puce, A., Allison, T., Gore, J. C., & McCarthy, G. (1995) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1192 · Cited by 687
Abnormal Processing of Social Information from Faces in Autism
Adolphs, R., Sears, L. L., & Piven, J. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901564289 · Cited by 609
Self-citation‘Theory of mind’ in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome
Happe, F. G. E., Ehlers, S., Fletcher, P. C., Uta Frith, A., Johansson, M., Gillberg, C., Dolan, R. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1996) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199612200-00040 · Cited by 577
Yirmiya, N., Erel, O., Shaked, M., & Solomonica‐Levi, D. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.283 · Cited by 470
Defining and quantifying the social phenotype in autism
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.895 · Cited by 467
Implications for the Neural Basis of Social Cognition for the Study of Schizophrenia
Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., Perkins, D. O., & Lieberman, J. A. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.815 · Cited by 465
Self-citationWhen Strangers Pass: Processing of Mutual and Averted Social Gaze in the Superior Temporal Sulcus
Pelphrey, K. A., Viola, R. J., & McCarthy, G. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00726.x · Cited by 464
Recognition of Mental State Terms
Baron‐Cohen, S., RING, H. A., Moriarty, J., Schmitz, B., Costa, D. C., & Ell, P. J. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.165.5.640 · Cited by 446
The Understanding of the Emotional Meaning of Facial Expressions in People with Autism
Celani, G., Battacchi, M. W., & Arcidiacono, L. (1999) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1025970600181 · Cited by 426
Brain anatomy and development in autism: review of structural MRI studies
Brambilla, P., Hardan, A., di Nemi, S. U., Perez, J., Soares, J. C., & Barale, F. (2003) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.06.001 · Cited by 418
Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baird, G., Drew, A., Rees, L., & Wheelwright, S. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963098002595 · Cited by 398
Understanding of Simple and Complex Emotions in Non‐retarded Children with Autism
Capps, L. M., Yirmiya, N., & Sigman, M. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00936.x · Cited by 384
Social threat perception and the evolution of paranoia
Green, M. J., & Phillips, M. L. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.03.006 · Cited by 369
Activation of the fusiform gyrus when individuals with autism spectrum disorder view faces
Hadjikhani, N. K., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., Chabris, C. F., Clark, J., Steele, S. D., McGrath, L. M., Vangel, M. G., Aharon, I., Feczko, E., et al. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.025 · Cited by 346
The amygdala, social behavior, and danger detection
AMARAL, D. G. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1280.015 · Cited by 293
Russell, T. A., Rubia, K., Bullmore, E. T., Soni, W., John Suckling, A., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A., Williams, S., & Sharma, T. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.2040 · Cited by 259
Bölte, S., & Poustka, F. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703007438 · Cited by 242
Neuroanatomical substrates of social cognition dysfunction in autism
Pelphrey, K. A., Adolphs, R., & Morris, J. P. (2004) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20040 · Cited by 242
Self-citationCraig, J. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00154-3 · Cited by 219
Abnormalities of brain function during a nonverbal theory of mind task in schizophrenia
Brunet-Gouet, É., Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Baylé, M. C., & Jean Decety, A. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00119-2 · Cited by 194
Amygdala damage impairs emotion recognition from scenes only when they contain facial expressions
Adolphs, R., & Tranel, D. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00064-2 · Cited by 171
Self-citationVisual scanpaths in schizophrenia: is there a deficit in face recognition?
Williams, L. M., Loughland, C. M., Gordon, E., & Davidson, D. (1999) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00056-0 · Cited by 168
A functional anatomic study of emotion in schizophrenia
Taylor, S. F., Liberzon, I., Decker, L. R., & Koeppe, R. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00403-0 · Cited by 165
Pilowsky, T., Yirmiya, N., Arbelle, S., & Mozes, T. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00101-2 · Cited by 154
Impairment in basal limbic function in schizophrenia during affect recognition
Hempel, A., Hempel, E., Schönknecht, P., Stippich, C., & Schröder, J. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(02)00126-9 · Cited by 153
Visual scan paths are abnormal in deluded schizophrenics
Phillips, M. L., & David, A. S. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00061-9 · Cited by 140
Social cognition and schizophrenia.
Brown, E. C. (. S. ). (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10407-000 · Cited by 130
Archer, J., Hay, D. C., & Young, A. W. (1994) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01148.x · Cited by 123
Right lateral fusiform gyrus dysfunction during facial information processing in schizophrenia
Quintana, J., Wong, T., Ortiz-Portillo, E., Marder, S. R., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01784-5 · Cited by 113
Theory of mind and schizophrenia.
Corcoran, R. (2001) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10407-005 · Cited by 93
Social Cognition and Its Neural Correlates in Schizophrenia and Autism
Abdi, Z., & Sharma, T. (2004) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900009317 · Cited by 91
Streit, M., Ioannides, A. A., Sinnemann, T., Wölwer, W., Dammers, J., Zilles, K., & Gäebel, W. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1429 · Cited by 85
Joyal, C. C., Laakso, M. P., Tiihonen, J., Syvälahti, E. K. G., Vilkman, H., Laakso, A., Alakare, B., Räkköläinen, V., Salokangas, R. K. R., & Hietala, J. A. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00597-3 · Cited by 77
Recognition of facial emotions in schizophrenia
Kohler, C. G., & Brennan, A. R. (2004) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200403000-00003 · Cited by 45
Face processing in schizophrenia: Parallels with the effects of amygdala damage
Evangeli, M., & Broks, P. (2000) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468000395754 · Cited by 40
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
- Brothers, 1990, The social brain: A project for integrating primate behaviour and neuropsychology in a new domain, Concepts in Neuroscience, 1, 27
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Social Salience Hypothesis of Oxytocin
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Abu-Akel, A. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.020 · Cited by 904
“conditions appear to respond differently to salient social cues (125).”
Hong, W., Kim, D.-W., & Anderson, D. J. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.049 · Cited by 405
Viewing it differently: social scene perception in Williams syndrome and autism
Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.05.003 · Cited by 374
Sasson, N. J., Turner‐Brown, L. M., Holtzclaw, T. N., Lam, K. S. L., & Bodfish, J. W. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.4 · Cited by 311
Self-citationDichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299
Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0641-z · Cited by 259
Reward circuitry function in autism during face anticipation and outcomes
Dichter, G. S., Richey, J. A., Rittenberg, A. M., Sabatino, A., & Bodfish, J. W. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1221-1 · Cited by 222
Clark, T. F., Winkielman, P., & McIntosh, D. N. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014124 · Cited by 203
The role of alexithymia in reduced eye-fixation in autism spectrum conditions
Bird, G., Press, C., & Richardson, D. C. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1183-3 · Cited by 189
Autistic Symptoms in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
De Crescenzo, F., Postorino, V., Siracusano, M., Riccioni, A., Armando, M., Curatolo, P., & Mazzone, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00078 · Cited by 143
Solomon, M., Olsen, E., Niendam, T., Ragland, J. D., Yoon, J., Minzenberg, M., & Carter, C. S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.005 · Cited by 99
Decision-making in a changing world: a study in autism spectrum disorders
Robic, S., Sonié, S., Fonlupt, P., Henaff, M.-A., Touil, N., Coricelli, G., Mattout, J., & Schmitz, C. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2311-7 · Cited by 88
A review of recent reports on autism: 1000 studies published in 2007
Hughes, J. R. (2008) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.06.015 · Cited by 76
Visual-Tactile Spatial Multisensory Interaction in Adults With Autism and Schizophrenia
Noel, J.-P., Failla, M. D., Quinde-Zlibut, J. M., Williams, Z. J., Gerdes, M., Tracy, J. M., Zoltowski, A. R., Foss-Feig, J. H., Nichols, H., Armstrong, K., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578401 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- Sasson, N., Tsuchiya, N., Hurley, R., Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., Adolphs, R., & Piven, J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sasson, Noah
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2580-2588
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2128257
- OpenAlex
- W2111055743
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Autism Speaks
- University of Pennsylvania
- National Institutes of Health (5u54mh066418-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54-MH066418, U54 MH 66418)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32‐HD40127)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32-HD-40127, T32HD040127)
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, social cognition, social orienting, visual exploration, eye movements, face processing, amygdala dysfunction, emotion judgment, social scenes, facial information
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Autistic Disorder, Cognition Disorders, Emotions, Eye Movements, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Male, Orientation, Reference Values, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Case-Control Studies, Statistics, Nonparametric
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
