Ironic effects of emotion suppression when recounting distressing memories.
Abstract
Theories of ironic mental control posit that under conditions in which effortful control is compromised, for example, in laboratory manipulations of mental load or in those suffering from clinical levels of negative affect, attempts to suppress negative emotions can lead to a paradoxical increase in such feelings, relative to conditions in which no suppression is attempted. In line with this, we showed that high negative affect participants, when asked to suppress (downregulate) their negative feelings while writing about a distressing personal memory, exhibited an ironically greater increase in negative emotions compared with a no-instruction condition, in contrast to low negative affect controls who were able to suppress their emotions. Comparable ironic effects were not associated with instructions to experience emotions. This first demonstration of ironic effects of emotion suppression in response to personal material in those with emotional problems sheds light into how certain emotion regulation strategies may maintain and exacerbate such conditions.
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Suppressing thoughts and emotions, which often comes with attempts to change thoughts, typically leads to a paradoxical increase, rather than a decrease, of thoughts and emotions.
“suppressing thoughts and emotions, which often comes with attempts to change thoughts, typically leads to a paradoxical increase, rather than a decrease of thoughts and emotions (Beevers, Wenzlaff, Hayes, & Scott, 1999;Dalgleish, Yiend, Schweizer, & Dunn, 2009).”
From When ‘negativity’ becomes obstructive: a novel exploration of the two-factor model of the Self-Compassion Scale and a comparison of self-compassion and self-criticism interventions (2020) · cites this paper as Dalgleish et al., 2009
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Background
- Authors
- Dalgleish, T., Yiend, J., Schweizer, S., & Dunn, B. D.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 744-749
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- OpenAlex
- W2076383565
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (U.1055.02.002.00001.01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- ironic process, emotional suppression, negative affect, emotion regulation, personal narrative writing, mental control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Attention, Depression, Emotions, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Mental Recall, Repression, Psychology, Statistics as Topic, Writing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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