Predicting outcome in computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in primary care: a randomized trial
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To explore pretreatment and short-term improvement variables as potential moderators and predictors of 12-month follow-up outcome of unsupported online computerized cognitive behavioral therapy (CCBT), usual care, and CCBT combined with usual care for depression. METHOD: Three hundred and three depressed patients were randomly allocated to (a) unsupported online CCBT, (b) treatment as usual (TAU), or (c) CCBT and TAU combined (CCBT&TAU). Potential predictors and moderators were demographic, clinical, cognitive, and short-term improvement variables. Outcomes were the Beck Depression Inventory-II score at 12 months of follow-up and reliable change. RESULTS: Those with higher levels of extreme (positive) responding had a better outcome in CCBT compared with TAU, whereas those having a parental psychiatric history or a major depressive disorder diagnosis had a better outcome in CCBT&TAU compared with TAU. Predictors regardless of treatment type included current employment, low pretreatment illness severity, and short-term improvement on clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: Optimistic patients, holding approach-oriented coping strategies, might benefit most from CCBT, whereas CCBT&TAU might be the most suitable option for those with more severe vulnerability characteristics. Those with the least impairment improve the most, regardless of treatment type.
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Studies show that a higher level of education and being employed are predictors of success on online cognitive-behavioral interventions for depression.
“Studies show that a higher level of education (Spek et al., 2008) and being employed (de Graaf et al., 2010) are predictors of success on online cognitive-behavioral interventions for depression.”
From Online and Mobile Interventions for Problem Gambling, Alcohol, and Drugs: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as de Graaf et al., 2010
Three studies found that greater pre-treatment depression symptom severity was associated with greater response to online CBT.
“Three studies found that greater pre-treatment depression symptom severity was associated with greater response to online CBT (Button et al., 2012;de Graaf et al., 2010;Spek et al., 2008).”
From Predictors of adherence and outcome in internet-based cognitive behavior therapy delivered in a telephone counseling setting (2014) · cites this paper as de Graaf et al., 2010
Age, sex and education level are not associated with response to treatment, either in terms of reduced post-treatment symptom severity or pre-to posttreatment symptom change.
“Results from several studies suggest that age, sex and education level are not associated with response to treatment, either in terms of reduced post-treatment symptom severity (Clarke et al., 2002;de Graaf, Hollon, & Huibers, 2010) or pre-to posttreatment symptom change (Andersson, Bergström, Hollandare, Ekselius, & Carlbring, 2004;Button, Wiles, Lewis, Peters, & Kessler, 2012;de Graaf et al., 2”
From Predictors of adherence and outcome in internet-based cognitive behavior therapy delivered in a telephone counseling setting (2014) · cites this paper as de Graaf, Hollon, & Huibers, 2010
Another study reported that unemployment was linked to worse outcome following online CBT (de Graaf et al., 2010).
“contrasts with the findings of another which reported that unemployment was linked to worse outcome following online CBT (de Graaf et al., 2010).”
From Predictors of adherence and outcome in internet-based cognitive behavior therapy delivered in a telephone counseling setting (2014) · cites this paper as de Graaf et al., 2010
Existing online depression studies have demonstrated that online CBT is equally effective for men and women.
“the small complement of existing online depression studies that have demonstrated that online CBT is equally effective for men and women (Andersson et al., 2004;Clarke et al., 2002;de Graaf et al., 2010).”
From Predictors of adherence and outcome in internet-based cognitive behavior therapy delivered in a telephone counseling setting (2014) · cites this paper as de Graaf et al., 2010
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- Authors
- de Graaf, L. E., Hollon, S. D., & Huibers, M. J. H.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 184-189
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W2123484275
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development
- Research Institute Experimental Psychopathology
- Care and Public Health Research Institute
- Eijsden Municipality
- Meerssen Municipality
- Sittard-Geleen Municipality
- Valkenburg Municipality
- Maastricht Municipality
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- computerized cognitive behavioral therapy, depression, primary care, online therapy, predictors of treatment outcome, treatment moderators, approach-oriented coping, parental psychiatric history, major depressive disorder, disease severity, employment, Beck Depression Inventory-II, reliable change
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Young Adult
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