Online and Mobile Interventions for Problem Gambling, Alcohol, and Drugs: A Systematic Review

May combine two claims.

The participants in these studies were generally adults between 30 and 46 years old with a high school education and presenting a high risk or problematic use.

“The participants in these studies were generally adults between 30 and 46 years old with a high school education and presenting a high risk or problematic use.”

May combine two claims.

The majority of interventions were based upon motivational or cognitive-behavioral theoretical approaches and called upon well-established therapeutic components in the field of addictions.

“The majority of interventions were based upon motivational or cognitive-behavioral theoretical approaches and called upon well-established therapeutic components in the field of addictions.”

May combine two claims.

These mobile interventions enabled users to plan and simulate their alcohol use for a given event and receive an estimate of their blood alcohol levels in real-time.

“These interventions enabled users to plan and simulate their alcohol use for a given event and receive an estimate of their blood alcohol levels in real-time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three interventions were based upon a solution-focused approach.

“three upon a solution-focused approach15, 18”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Upon the second selection round, 284 studies were fully read to verify inclusion and exclusion criteria.

“Upon the second selection round, 284 studies were fully read to verify inclusion and exclusion criteria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For four interventions, the theoretical approaches were not indicated.

“whereas for four interventions2, 5, 10, the theoretical approaches were not indicated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The titles and abstracts of the remaining 3,504 studies were read and 3,220 non-relevant studies were excluded.

“The titles and abstracts of the remaining 3,504 studies were read and 3,220 non-relevant studies were excluded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Four interventions included online chatting with a clinician.

“In addition to this material, four interventions1, 9, 11, 18 included online chatting with a clinician”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three interventions were based upon a relapse prevention model.

“and three upon a relapse prevention model6, 15, 17.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nine interventions were based upon a motivational approach.

“nine upon a motivational approach1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 14, 17”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Three of the 22 interventions are mobile applications for alcohol use, while the others are online interventions (86.4%).

“Three of the 22 interventions7, 8 are mobile applications for alcohol use, while the others are online interventions (86.4%; 1 to 6, 9 to 18).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Eighteen studies were included in the review and these studies evaluated 22 different interventions in total.

“Eighteen studies were included in the review and these studies evaluated 22 different interventions in total.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Four thousand, seven hundred and eight studies were initially identified, from which 1,204 duplicates were withdrawn.

“Four thousand, seven hundred and eight studies were initially identified, from which 1,204 duplicates were withdrawn.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Only one intervention involved participating in a discussion forum.

“and only one1 involved participating in a discussion forum.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For five studies, the participants were recruited according to their distinctive characteristics: university students, military personnel returning from combat, and workers from a certain workplace.

“For the five other studies, the participants were recruited according to their distinctive characteristics; university students2, 5, 7, military personnel returning from combat4 and workers from a certain workplace10.”

May combine two claims.

The other online interventions lasted between 1 week and 6 months, with suggested utilization of variable frequency.

“whereas the other online interventions lasted between 1 week and 6 months, with suggested utilization of variable frequency (for example, 6, 7, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17).”

May combine two claims.

At 4 weeks, Alcohol 101+ significantly decreased number of days of use, quantity of alcohol per occasion, and blood alcohol level per day of heavy drinking.

“At 4-weeks, Alcohol 101+ significantly ↓ number of days of use, quantity of alcohol/occasions and blood alcohol level/day of heavy drinking.”

• cites Braitman (2012)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

At 3-month follow-up, all groups showed a significant decrease on AUDIT and AUDIT-C; scores remained stable at 6 and 12 months.

“3-month follow-up: all groups show a significant ↓ on AUDIT and AUDIT-C; scores remain stable at 6- and 12 months.”

• cites Sinadinovic et al. (2014) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Men significantly decreased their use in the three groups, whereas only women in the brief motivational intervention group did so.

“The men significantly ↓ their use in the three groups vs. only women in the BMI group.”

• cites Carey et al. (2011) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

At 6-month follow-up, both Alcohol Help Center and Check Your Drinking groups showed a significant decrease on the AUDIT and in daily use.

“6-month follow-up: significant ↓ on the AUDIT and in daily use for both groups”

• cites Cunningham (2012) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

At 3-month follow-up, both Change Your Drinking groups showed a decrease in number of days of use per week, quantity of alcohol, and number of episodes of heavy drinking, with no difference between the two interventions.

“3-month follow-up: Both groups show ↓ in number of days of use/week, qty of alcohol, number of episodes of heavy drinking, with no difference between the two interventions.”

• cites Tensil et al. (2013) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

At 6-week follow-up, the intervention group presented a significant decrease in days of use, quantity used, and symptoms of abuse.

“6-week follow-up: The Intervention group presents a significant ↓ in days of use, quantity used and symptoms of abuse.”

• cites Rooke et al. (2013) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

At 3-month follow-up, 68% of the e-therapy group were under the threshold for problematic use versus 15% of the control group, a significant difference.

“68% of e-therapy under the threshold for problematic use vs. 15 % of control group (sign. difference).”

• cites Postel et al. (2010) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

An increase in number of meetings was associated with an increase in number of days abstinence and a decrease in problems.

“↑ in number of meetings = ↑ number of days abstinence and ↓ in problems.”

• cites Hester et al. (2013) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

At 6-week follow-up, both groups showed a significant decrease in number of drinks per week and percentage of days of heavy drinking, but the effect was greater for the Location-based Monitoring and Intervention for Alcohol Use Disorders group.

“For both groups: significant ↓ in number of drinks/week and % of days of heavy drinking, but the effect is greater for the LBMI-A.”

• cites Gonzalez and Dulin (2015) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A description of the participants is provided for 13 of the 18 studies.

“A description of the participants is provided for 13 of the 18 studies”

May combine two claims.

At 3-month follow-up, all groups showed a significant increase in percentage of days abstinent, a significant decrease in number of drinks per day, and a significant decrease on InDUC score.

“3-month follow-up: All groups show significant ↑ in % of days abstinent, significant ↓ in number of drinks/day and significant ↓ on InDUC score.”

• cites Hester et al. (2013) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Another included study showed at-risk alcohol use among participants.

“another7 showed at risk alcohol use among participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Among the ten included studies providing education information, eight reported post-secondary studies for 50% to 90% of participants.

“among which eight reported post-secondary studies for 50%6, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18 to 90%1 of the participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the workplace study, all participants were employed.

“All the participants were employed, the majority were women (78%) and had completed university studies (84%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the military personnel study, participants were men (86%).

“The participants were men (86%) who had received a prior psychological treatment (61%) and who presented problematic alcohol use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Online interventions for gamblers were excluded because they were not offered completely online, as some included a telephone contact with a clinician.

“Second, these interventions were not offered completely online, as some studies included a telephone contact with a clinician (for example, Carlbring and Smit, 2008).”

• cites Carlbring and Smit, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Post-intervention evaluations took place immediately after the intervention or within a delay varying between 2 weeks and 3 months after initial evaluation.

“These evaluations took place immediately after the intervention or within a delay varying between 2 weeks and 3 months after initial evaluation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One included study indicated that 4.6% of students received prior treatment.

“One study2 indicated that 4.6% of students received prior treatment”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the workplace study, the majority of participants were women (78%).

“All the participants were employed, the majority were women (78%) and had completed university studies (84%).”

May combine two claims.

Four included studies reported previous treatment, with percentages varying between 4% and 24% of the sample.

“Four studies (30.8%; 11, 12, 13, 17) reported previous treatment, with percentages varying between 4 and 24% of the sample.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the workplace study, 84% of participants had completed university studies.

“All the participants were employed, the majority were women (78%) and had completed university studies (84%).”

May combine two claims.

In the targeted university student studies, participants were young adults aged on average between 19 and 25 years and studying full-time.

“The participants were young adults, aged on average between 195 and 25 years7, studying full-time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Six of the included studies showed a similar distribution between men and women (46.2%).

“Six of them showed a similar distribution between men and women (46.2%; 1, 8, 11 to 14)”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Three of the six included studies with a greater proportion of men evaluated an intervention for drug use.

“of which three evaluated an intervention for drug use16 to 18”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Thirteen of the included studies reported participants' sex.

“Thirteen studies reported participants' sex.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the military personnel study, participants had received prior psychological treatment (61%).

“The participants were men (86%) who had received a prior psychological treatment (61%) and who presented problematic alcohol use.”

May combine two claims.

Six of 13 included studies indicated occupational status and showed that between 55% and 82% of participants were employed.

“Six of the 13 studies (46.2%; 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13) indicated occupational status and showed that between 55 and 82% of participants were employed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ten included studies provided information on education level.

“Ten studies provided information on level of education”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The decrease in days of use, quantity used, and symptoms of abuse was maintained at 3-month follow-up.

“Maintenance at 3-month follow-up.”

• cites Rooke et al. (2013) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Four included studies indicated civil status; the proportion of participants in a relationship varied between 35% and 61%.

“Four studies indicated civil status (30.8%; 6, 8, 12, 13); the proportion of participants in a relationship varied between 35 and 61%13.”

May combine two claims.

The number of days of abstinence did not change after the intervention, but the quantity of cocaine used decreased for both groups.

“The number of days of abstinence did not change after the intervention, but the quantity of cocaine used ↓ for both groups.”

• cites Schaub et al. (2012) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Online interventions for gamblers were identified but excluded because they targeted gambling prevention or addressed a student clientele without a gambling problem.

“Online interventions for gamblers were identified, but they were excluded for three main reasons. First, they targeted gambling prevention (personalized feedback) or addressed a student clientele without a gambling problem”

May combine two claims.

The majority of the studies report positive results on at least one substance use indicator following intervention, and some show a medium term maintenance of gains.

“The majority of the studies report positive results on at least one substance use indicator following intervention, and some show a medium term maintenance of gains.”

May combine two claims.

Two mobile applications differ from other interventions in their theoretical approach (planned behavior) and content (behavioral tool to manage alcohol use and estimate blood alcohol levels in real time).

“Two of these applications (see Gajecki et al., 2014) differ from the other interventions in regards to their theoretical approach, that of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991), and their content, which consisted of a behavioral tool to manage alcohol use and estimate blood alcohol levels in real time.”

• cites Gajecki et al., 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ajzen, 1991 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Few studies in the review evaluate long-term changes and those that do report little conclusive findings.

“However, few studies in the review evaluate long-term changes and those that do, report little conclusive findings.”

May combine two claims.

Only 18.2% of the interventions used an online chat room, while 4.5% offered an online support forum.

“Only 18.2% of the interventions used an online chat room, while 4.5% offered an online support forum”

May combine two claims.

Online interventions seem promising and appear to meet the needs of participants who are in the workforce and seeking help for the first time.

“Online interventions seem promising and appear to meet the needs of participants who are in the workforce and seeking help for the first time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Online interventions for gambling, alcohol, and illegal drug related problems have been developing at a fast pace over the past decade.

“Online interventions for gambling, alcohol, and illegal drug related problems have been developing at a fast pace over the past decade.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “online, and mobile application interventions are developing at a fast pace (Lal and Adair, 2014).”

• cites Lal and Adair, 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Several obstacles curb help-seeking: need for anonymity or autonomy, shame, and denial, as well as limited availability or accessibility of interventions.

“Several obstacles curb help-seeking: need for anonymity or autonomy, shame, and denial (Suurvali et al., 2009; Priester et al., 2016), as well as limited availability (Rockloff and Schofield, 2004) or accessibility of interventions (i.e., scheduling conflicts, transportation difficulties; Clarke, 2007; Priester et al., 2016).”

• cites Suurvali et al., 2009 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Priester et al., 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Rockloff and Schofield, 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs and produce symptoms comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders.

“Gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs and produce symptoms comparable to those produced by the substance use disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)”

• cites American Psychiatric Association, 2013Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For a study to be judged as possessing good methodological quality, a minimal threshold of six out of the 11 criteria must be met.

“For a study to be judged as possessing good methodological quality, a minimal threshold of six out of the 11 criteria must be met (Berger and Alperson, 2009).”

• cites Berger and Alperson, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Online interventions first appeared in the 1990s and research on the topic multiplied between 2007 and 2010.

“These online interventions first appeared in the 1990s (Childress and Asamen, 1998) and research on the topic multiplied between 2007 and 2010 (Lal and Adair, 2014).”

• cites Childress and Asamen, 1998 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lal and Adair, 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

At risk alcohol users who completed an online intervention were older, used the Internet more often, and consumed less alcohol during episodes of heavy drinking as compared to those who dropped out of the program.

“For example, Cunningham et al. (2011) showed that at risk alcohol users who completed an online intervention were older, used the Internet more often, and consumed less alcohol during episodes of heavy drinking as compared to those who dropped out of the program.”

• cites Cunningham et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After clarifying the criteria, the evaluators similarly classified 90.3% of the studies, a satisfactory percentage.

“After clarifying the criteria, the evaluators similarly classified 90.3% of the studies, a satisfactory percentage (Lombard et al., 2002).”

• cites Lombard et al., 2002 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An undergraduate research assistant counter-verified the information extracted for the 18 studies.

“An undergraduate research assistant counter-verified the information extracted for the 18 studies.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using a list of 11 criteria recommended by the Cochrane Back Review Group.

“The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using a list of 11 criteria recommended by the Cochrane Back Review Group (Berger and Alperson, 2009).”

• cites Berger and Alperson, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The evaluators agreed on criteria for 69.3% of the studies, which was considered unsatisfactory.

“The evaluators agreed on criteria for 69.3% of the studies, which was considered unsatisfactory.”

May combine two claims.

Alcohol users who registered for an online treatment were in greater proportion women, older, more educated, and more likely to be employed and seek treatment for the first time, as compared to those who used a standard treatment.

“Postel et al. (2011) observed that alcohol users who registered for an online treatment were in greater proportion women, older, more educated, and more likely to be employed and seek treatment for the first time, as compared to those who used a standard treatment.”

• cites Postel et al., 2011 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

On-line interventions have the potential to cover large areas at low costs and reach populations that are harder to reach.

“On-line interventions have the potential to cover large areas at low costs and reach populations that are harder to reach (Barak et al., 2008).”

• cites Barak et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since four criteria were not applicable within the context of this review, only seven of the proposed criteria were retained and rated.

“Since four criteria were not applicable within the context of this review, only seven of the proposed criteria were retained and rated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These different participant groups surely have different motivations for signing up for an online intervention program, thus potentially biasing conclusions drawn about the efficacy of these interventions.

“These different participant groups surely have different motivations for signing up for an online intervention program, thus potentially biasing conclusions drawn about the efficacy of these interventions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study coordinator and five psychology doctoral students participated in data extraction.

“The study coordinator and five psychology doctoral students participated in data extraction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cognitive-behavioral interventions via computer for various mental health disorders present a better cost-efficacy ratio.

“and present a better cost-efficacy ratio (Musiat and Tarrier, 2014).”

• cites Musiat and Tarrier, 2014 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Personalized feedback interventions for the most part do not target a specific clientele, as they include non-consumers with high-risk consumers, with the goal to keep consumption within recommended limits.

“For the most part, these interventions do not target a specific clientele, as they include non-consumers with high-risk consumers (for example, Cunningham et al., 2006; Doumas and Andersen, 2009; Bewick et al., 2010; Labrie et al., 2013), with the goal to keep their consumption within recommended limits.”

• cites Cunningham et al., 2006 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Doumas and Andersen, 2009Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Bewick et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The online format attracts adults between 30 and 46 years old, which indicates that this clientele may be more receptive to technological advances because of their active and regular Internet use.

“The online format attracts adults between 30 and 46 years old, which indicates that this clientele may be more receptive to technological advances because of their active and regular Internet use (Ducharme, 2015).”

• cites Ducharme, 2015Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Cognitive-behavioral and motivational approaches are recognized as efficient for addiction treatment and their structure and techniques appear easily adaptable to an online format.

“These two approaches are recognized as efficient for addiction treatment and their structure, as well as the techniques used, appear to be easily adaptable to an online format (Gainsbury and Blaszczynski, 2011).”

• cites Gainsbury and Blaszczynski, 2011Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Studies show that a higher level of education and being employed are predictors of success on online cognitive-behavioral interventions for depression.

“Studies show that a higher level of education (Spek et al., 2008) and being employed (de Graaf et al., 2010) are predictors of success on online cognitive-behavioral interventions for depression.”

• cites Spek et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites de Graaf et al., 2010 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The malleable and little demanding framework of online interventions may counterbalance obstacles to entering treatment, but is susceptible to give rise to variable commitment and utilization.

“The malleable and little demanding framework of online interventions may counterbalance obstacles to entering treatment (Priester et al., 2016), but is susceptible to give rise to variable commitment and utilization.”

• cites Priester et al., 2016 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The flexibility of the therapeutic framework is typical of self-administered interventions, although those offered offline generally suggest a certain treatment intensity.

“The flexibility of the therapeutic framework is typical of self-administered interventions, although those offered offline generally suggest a certain treatment intensity (Simoneau et al., 2004; for example, Carroll et al., 2008; Ladouceur et al., 2015).”

• cites Simoneau et al., 2004Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Carroll et al., 2008 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Ladouceur et al., 2015 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The review's portrait of the efficacy of online interventions is subjective because the review's inclusion criteria and study objectives did not make it possible to conduct a meta-analysis.

“Another limitation relates to the subjective portrait offered by the review regarding the efficacy of the online interventions since the review's inclusion criteria, as well as the study objectives, did not make it possible to conduct a meta-analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The fact that few participants had previously consulted suggests that online interventions are attractive for first time consultations; they may demystify treatment and act as a stepping stone toward other more intensive intervention modalities.

“Finally, the fact that few participants had previously consulted suggests that online interventions are attractive for first time consultations; they may demystify treatment and act as a stepping stone toward other more intensive intervention modalities (Bower and Gilbody, 2005).”

• cites Bower and Gilbody, 2005 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Mobile application interventions tend to exploit the originality of new technologies but may possibly lead to undesirable effects among certain participants, such as an increase in use in order to use the mobile application more frequently.

“As for mobile application interventions, they tend to exploit the originality of new technologies but may possibly lead to undesirable effects among certain participants; for example, an increase in use in order to use the mobile application more frequently, to see how much their blood alcohol level could rise.”

May combine two claims.

Imposing abstinence may discourage many users from seeking assistance and favor treatment withdrawal, even before treatment begins.

“Imposing abstinence may discourage many users from seeking assistance (Ursúa, 2008) and favor treatment withdrawal, even before treatment begins (Andrewartha and Dowling, 2006).”

• cites Ursúa, 2008Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Andrewartha and Dowling, 2006Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The high proportions of workers may indicate that the flexibility offered by online interventions fits well within a busy life schedule.

“The high proportions of workers may also indicate that the flexibility offered by online interventions fits well within a busy life schedule.”

May combine two claims.

The flexibility offered by online interventions may favor treatment adherence and even lead to a change of therapeutic objective toward abstinence, as observed in a large portion of the sample of gamblers receiving face-to-face treatment.

“The flexibility offered by online interventions may favor treatment adherence and even lead to a change of therapeutic objective toward abstinence, as observed in a large portion of the sample of gamblers receiving face-to-face treatment in the study conducted by Ladouceur et al. (2009).”

• cites Ladouceur et al. (2009) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The profile of participants appears similar to that drawn by Postel et al. (2011).

“This profile appears similar to that drawn by Postel et al. (2011).”

• cites Postel et al. (2011) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

These interventions appear promising and have short-term benefits among their users.

“These interventions appear promising and have short-term benefits among their users.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The review employed scientific rigor during the study selection and database extraction processes.

“The review does however possess strengths, notably the scientific rigor employed during the study selection and database extraction processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The online format represents an alternative way to offer these interventions, which could increase accessibility and attract a clientele who would not consult otherwise.

“The online format represents an alternative way to offer these interventions, which could increase accessibility and attract a clientele who would not consult otherwise.”

May combine two claims.

Studies evaluating online interventions for problem gamblers were excluded and the conclusions offered cannot be generalized to this population.

“However, the studies evaluating online interventions for problem gamblers were excluded and the conclusions offered cannot be generalized to this population.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

By differing from the review of Danielsson et al. (2014) that included different intervention modalities, alone or in combination, the present review draws a more homogenous portrait.

“By differing from the review of Danielsson et al. (2014) that included different intervention modalities, alone or in combination, the present review draws a more homogenous portrait.”

• cites Danielsson et al. (2014) sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Drawing a portrait of the users recruited from the general population represents another strength of the review.

“To draw a portrait of the users recruited from the general population represents another strength of the review”