The DOI matches its Crossref record; 182 of the 183 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ethnic identity and personal well-being of people of color: a meta-analysis
Abstract
This article summarizes research examining the relationship between the constructs of ethnic identity and personal well-being among people of color in North America. Data from 184 studies analyzed with random effects models yielded an omnibus effect size of r = .17, suggesting a modest relationship between the 2 constructs. The relationship was somewhat stronger among adolescents and young adults than among adults over age 40. No differences were observed across participant race, gender, or socioeconomic status, which findings support the general relevance of ethnic identity across people of color. Studies correlating ethnic identity with self-esteem and positive well-being yielded average effect sizes twice as large as those from studies correlating ethnic identity with personal distress or mental health symptoms. Ethnic identity was thus more strongly related to positive well-being than to compromised well-being. Overall, the corpus of research reviewed consisted of correlational designs; limited scholarship has addressed causal mechanisms, mediating factors, or psychological functions of ethnic identity across different social contexts.
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“A meta-analysis of 184 studies found positive associations between ethnic identity and well-being, with stronger associations for adolescents and emerging adults (Smith and Silva, 2011).”
From Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data (2018) · cites this paper as Smith and Silva, 2011
In the citing paper
“Higher levels of ethnic identity have been associated with positive physical and mental health outcomes including less internalizing and externalizing risk behaviors across youth of various ethnic and racial backgrounds (Rivas-Drake et al., 2014; Smith and Silva, 2011; Umaña-Taylor et al., 2015).”
From Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data (2018) · cites this paper as Smith and Silva, 2011
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Cites
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1 of the 183 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Quintana, S. M., Lee, R. M., Cross, W. E., Rivas-Drake, D., Schwartz, S. J., Syed, M., Yip, T., Seaton, E., & Ethnic and Racial Identity in the 21st Century Study Group (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12196 · Cited by 1,245
“…and content (see discussion of limitations of existing ERI measures in Schwartz et al., in press), most ERI studies have been cross-sectional (Smith & Silva, 2011), and the few studies that have been longitudinal have been characterized by long time lags between time points (e.g., annual or…”
Rivas-Drake, D., Seaton, E. K., Markstrom, C., Quintana, S., Syed, M., Lee, R. M., Schwartz, S. J., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., French, S., Yip, T., et al. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12200 · Cited by 832
“For example, a recent meta-analysis suggests that an achieved, positive ethnic identity is favorably associated with self-esteem and negatively associated with depressive symptoms among ethnic minority individuals (Smith & Silva, 2011).”
Jagers, R. J., Rivas‐Drake, D., & Williams, B. V. (2019) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1623032 · Cited by 778
“As a result, there is a voluminous literature on ethnic/racial identity (ERI) development (cf. Rivas-Drake, Seaton, et al., 2014; Rivas-Drake, Syed, et al., 2014; T. B. Smith & Silva, 2011).”
BackgroundBombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1363461513503380 · Cited by 566
“Ethnic and cultural identity is considered to be an important determinant of health among minority group members (T. B. Smith & Silva, 2011).”
BackgroundWong, Y. J., Ho, M.-H. R., Wang, S.-Y., & Miller, I. S. K. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000176 · Cited by 507
“Following in part the coding scheme used by previous meta-analyses on mental health (Smith & Silva, 2011; Yoon et al., 2013), the outcome variables were categorized as (a) negative mental health: depression, psychological distress/stress, substance use, body image problems, other psychological…”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, T. B., & Silva, L.
- Affiliations
- Brigham Young University (US)
- ORCID
- Smith, Timothy B.
- Venue
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-60
- ISSN
- 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2168
- OpenAlex
- W2132149499
- Cited by
- 779
- References
- 183
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 74.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarsArchive (Brigham Young University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- ethnic identity, personal well-being, people of color, self-esteem, positive well-being, personal distress, psychiatric symptoms, adolescents and young adults, age differences, race, gender, socioeconomic status
- MeSH terms
- Acculturation, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Asian, Black or African American, Depression, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Indians, North American, Male, Minority Groups, Prejudice, Quality of Life, Self Concept, Social Environment, Social Identification, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Young Adult
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