Imagining the future: degraded representations of future rewards and events in schizophrenia
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Over the course of life, most people work toward temporally distant rewards such as university degrees or work-related promotions. In contrast, many people with schizophrenia show deficits in behavior oriented toward long-term rewards, although they function adequately when rewards are more immediately present. Moreover, when asked about possible future events, individuals with schizophrenia show foreshortened future time perspectives relative to healthy individuals. Here, we take the view that these deficits are related and can be explained by cognitive deficits. We compared the performance of participants with schizophrenia (n = 39) and healthy participants (n = 25) on tasks measuring reward discounting and future event representations. Consistent with previous research, we found that relative to healthy participants, those with schizophrenia discounted the value of future rewards more steeply. Furthermore, when asked about future events, their responses were biased toward events in the near future, relative to healthy participants' responses. Although discounting and future representations were unrelated in healthy participants, we found significant correlations across the tasks among participants with schizophrenia, as well as correlations with cognitive variables and symptoms. Further analysis showed that statistically controlling working memory eliminated group differences in task performance. Together these results suggest that the motivational deficits characteristic of schizophrenia relate to cognitive deficits affecting the ability to represent and/or evaluate distant outcomes, a finding with important implications for promoting recovery from schizophrenia.
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Individuals with schizophrenia discount delayed reinforcers at higher rates than healthy controls.
“A number of studies have found that individuals suffering from schizophrenia, a psychiatric illness characterized by a disintegration of emotional and cognitive processes (“Concise Medical Dictionary,” 2010), discount delayed reinforcers at higher rates than do healthy controls”
From Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence (2012) · cites this paper as Heerey et al., 2011
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Seif, P. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725102572 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Skandali, N. (2016) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-88919-986-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Heerey, E. A., Matveeva, T. M., & Gold, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 483-489
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- PMC
- PMC3091996
- OpenAlex
- W2057054277
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH080066; R24-MH72647)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, future rewards, reward discounting, time perspective, working memory, cognitive impairment, motivational deficits, long-term planning, recovery from schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Reward, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Time Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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