A review of delay-discounting research with humans: relations to drug use and gambling

Reynolds, Brady

doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e3280115f99

Cited by 711Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsGambling Behavior and TreatmentsNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

A review of delay-discounting research with humans: relations to drug use and gambling

Reynolds, Brady·2006·Behavioural Pharmacology

DOI 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3280115f99

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Delay discounting represents the extent to which consequences, or outcomes, decrease in effectiveness to control behavior as a function of there being a delay to their occurrence. Higher rates of delay discounting are often operationalized as an index of impulsivity, and as such impulsive discounting may hold considerable potential for understanding fundamental behavioral processes associated with a range of problematic behaviors - including drug use and pathological gambling. This paper first provides a review of several assessment methods used in delay-discounting research with humans. Following, the delay-discounting literature related to drug use and gambling is reviewed. Consistencies across this literature are identified; and future research directions are discussed, which include (a) improving methods of assessment for delay discounting and (b) moving drug-use research progressively to causal interpretations, with high rates of delay discounting either predisposing to drug use or resulting from drug use itself.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3280115f99

Cites

83 of 83 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Bias toward immediate rewards may be viewed as impulsivity and is a phenotype important for neural bases of addiction.
“Such bias towards immediate rewards may be viewed as a form of impulsivity (Evenden, 1999), and a phenotype important for the neural bases of addiction (Reynolds, 2006).”
From Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction (2009) · cites this paper as Reynolds, 2006
Impatience is linked to greater substance use and risk-taking in adolescents.
“research indicates that impatience is related to increased adolescent substance use and risk-taking (10 -13).”
From Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity (2015) · cites this paper as [11]
Impulsivity and impairments in reward processing are core features of many disorders, including ADHD and addiction.
“This relationship is of high clinical relevance because impulsivity and impairments in reward processing are core features of many disorders, including ADHD (19, 20) and addiction (21).”
From Understanding heterogeneity in clinical cohorts using normative models: Beyond case-control studies (2016) · cites this paper as [21]
Increased DD rates are characteristic of a range of maladaptive and unhealthy behaviors including alcohol dependence, drug dependence, gambling problems, tobacco use, overeating, ADHD, conduct disorder, and risky sexual behaviors.
“Specifically, increased DD rates are characteristic of maladaptive and unhealthy behaviors including alcohol dependence”
From Behavioral trainings and manipulations to reduce delay discounting: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Reynolds, 2006

Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
A Discounting Framework for Choice With Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards.
Green, L., & Myerson, J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.769 · Cited by 1,676 · see citing works
AREA UNDER THE CURVE AS A MEASURE OF DISCOUNTING
Myerson, J., Green, L., & Warusawitharana, M. (2001) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2001.76-235 · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers
Bickel, W. K., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005490 · Cited by 1,433 · see citing works
SUBJECTIVE PROBABILITY AND DELAY
Rachlin, H., Raineri, A., & Cross, D. (1991) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1991.55-233 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
COMMITMENT, CHOICE AND SELF‐CONTROL1
Rachlin, H., & Green, L. (1972) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1972.17-15 · Cited by 1,204 · see citing works
Discounting of Delayed Rewards: A Life-Span Comparison
Green, L., Fry, A. F., & Myerson, J. (1994) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes
Bickel, W. K., & Marsch, L. A. (2001) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961736.x · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
WITHIN‐SUBJECT COMPARISON OF REAL AND HYPOTHETICAL MONEY REWARDS IN DELAY DISCOUNTING
Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2002) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2002.77-129 · Cited by 991 · see citing works
Dimensions of impulsive behavior: Personality and behavioral measures
Reynolds, B., Ortengren, A., Richards, J., & de Wit, H. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.03.024 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards.
Madden, G. J., Petry, N. M., Badger, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (1997) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.5.3.256 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
Measures of impulsivity in cigarette smokers and non-smokers
Mitchell, S. H. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/pl00005491 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
DISCOUNTING OF DELAYED REWARDS: MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL CHOICE
Myerson, J., & Green, L. (1995) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1995.64-263 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
DELAY OR PROBABILITY DISCOUNTING IN A MODEL OF IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR: EFFECT OF ALCOHOL
Richards, J. B., Zhang, L., Mitchell, S. H., & de Wit, H. (1999) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1999.71-121 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
IMPULSE CONTROL IN PIGEONS1
Ainslie, G. W. (1974) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1974.21-485 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
Delay discounting of money and alcohol in actively using alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics, and controls
Petry, N. M. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000638 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Bidding on the future: Evidence against normative discounting of delayed rewards.
Kirby, K. N. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.1.54 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls.
Kirby, K., & Petry, N. (2004) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00669.x · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards.
Madden, G. J., Begotka, A. M., Raiff, B. R., & Kastern, L. L. (2003) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.2.139 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals.
Coffey, S., Gudleski, G., Saladin, M., & Brady, K. (2003) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.11.1.18 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Impulsivity and rapid discounting of delayed hypothetical rewards in cocaine-dependent individuals.
Coffey, S. F., Gudleski, G. D., Saladin, M. E., & Brady, K. T. (2003) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.1.18 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Hyperbolic temporal discounting in social drinkers and problem drinkers.
Vuchinich, R. E., & Simpson, C. A. (1998) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.6.3.292 · Cited by 624 · see citing works
Delay discounting in current and never-before cigarette smokers: Similarities and differences across commodity, sign, and magnitude.
Baker, F., Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.3.382 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Pathological gambling severity is associated with impulsivity in a delay discounting procedure.
Alessi, S. M., & Petry, N. (2003) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00150-5 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Pathological gamblers, with and without substance use disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates.
Petry, N. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.3.482 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Delay discounting and probability discounting as related to cigarette smoking status in adults
Reynolds, B., Richards, J. B., Horn, K., & Karraker, K. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00109-8 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Self-citation
DETERMINATION OF DISCOUNT FUNCTIONS IN RATS WITH AN ADJUSTING‐AMOUNT PROCEDURE
Richards, J. B., Mitchell, S. H., de Wit, H., & Seiden, L. S. (1997) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1997.67-353 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
The natural history of cigarette smoking: Predicting young-adult smoking outcomes from adolescent smoking patterns.
Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., Sherman, S. J., & Edwards, D. A. (1990) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.9.6.701 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
The natural history of cigarette smoking from adolescence to adulthood: Demographic predictors of continuity and change.
Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., Rose, J. S., & Sherman, S. J. (1996) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.15.6.478 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
The natural history of cigarette smoking from adolescence to adulthood: Demographic predictors of continuity and change.
Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., Rose, J. S., & Sherman, S. J. (1996) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.15.6.478 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Delay discounting by pathological gamblers
Dixon, M. R., Marley, J., & Jacobs, E. A. (2003) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2003.36-449 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
TEMPORAL DISCOUNTING: BASIC RESEARCH AND THE ANALYSIS OF SOCIALLY IMPORTANT BEHAVIOR
Critchfield, T. S., & Kollins, S. H. (2001) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2001.34-101 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Acute administration of d-amphetamine decreases impulsivity in healthy volunteers
de Wit, H. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00343-3 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Excessive discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers with gambling problems
Petry, N. M., & Casarella, T. (1999) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00010-1 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Pathological gamblers, with and without substance abuse disorders, discount delayed rewards at high rates.
Petry, N. M. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.3.482 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Effects of THC on Behavioral Measures of Impulsivity in Humans
McDonald, J. M., Schleifer, L., Richards, J. B., & de Wit, H. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300176 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Delay discounting of real and hypothetical rewards III: Steady-state assessments, forced-choice trials, and all real rewards
Lagorio, C. H., & Madden, G. J. (2005) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2005.02.003 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Measuring state changes in human delay discounting: an experiential discounting task
Reynolds, B. A., & Schiffbauer, R. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.003 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impulsivity in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients: relation to control subjects and type 1-/type 2 like traits
Bjork, J. M., Hommer, D. W., Grant, S. J., & Danube, C. (2004) · Alcohol · doi:10.1016/j.alcohol.2004.06.012 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Discounting delayed and probabilistic monetary gains and losses by smokers of cigarettes
Ohmura, Y., Takahashi, T., & Kitamura, N. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0110-8 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Measuring state changes in human delay discounting: an experiential discounting task
REYNOLDS, B., & SCHIFFBAUER, R. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(04)00140-8 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self-citation
The natural history of cigarette smoking: Predicting young-adult smoking outcomes from adolescent smoking patterns.
Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., Sherman, S. J., et al. (1990) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.9.6.701 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Delay discounting in currently using and currently abstinent cocaine-dependent outpatients and non-drug-using matched controls
Heil, S. H., Johnson, M. W., Higgins, S. T., & Bickel, W. K. (2005) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.09.005 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Untitled work
Holt (2003) · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00141-4 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Impulsive Responding in Alcoholics
Mitchell, J. M., Fields, H. L., D'Esposito, M., & Boettiger, C. A. (2005) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000191755.63639.4a · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Delay Discounting of Potentially Real and Hypothetical Rewards: II. Between- and Within-Subject Comparisons.
Madden, G. J., Raiff, B. R., Lagorio, C. H., Begotka, A. M., Mueller, A. M., Hehli, D. J., & Wegener, A. A. (2004) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.12.4.251 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Exponential versus hyperbolic discounting of delayed outcomes: Risk and waiting time.
GREEN, L., & MYERSON, J. (1996) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1093/icb/36.4.496 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Mild opioid deprivation increases the degree that opioid-dependent outpatients discount delayed heroin and money
Giordano, L., Bickel, W., Loewenstein, G., Jacobs, E., Marsch, L., & Badger, G. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1159-2 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Discounting of delayed rewards in opioid-dependent outpatients: Exponential or hyperbolic discounting functions?
Madden, G. J., Bickel, W. K., & Jacobs, E. A. (1999) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.7.3.284 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Delay discounting is associated with substance use in college students
Kollins, S. H. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00220-4 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Discounting of delayed hypothetical money, alcohol, and food
Odum, A. L., & Rainaud, C. P. (2003) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00145-1 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Delay discounting and the behavioural economics of cigarette purchases in smokers: the effects of nicotine deprivation
Field, M., Santarcangelo, M., Sumnall, H., Goudie, A., & Cole, J. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0385-4 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Acute-alcohol effects on the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT) and a question-based measure of delay discounting
Reynolds, B., Richards, J. B., & de Wit, H. (2006) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.01.007 · Cited by 247 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…tool for determining short-term increases or decreases in delay discounting (including acute-drug effects) because participants experience the consequences of their choices while in the changed state (see McDonald et al., 2003; Reynolds and Schiffbauer, 2004b; Reynolds et al., 2004a, 2006b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Discounting of delayed health gains and losses by current, never- and ex-smokers of cigarettes
Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2002) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200210141257 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Differences in impulsivity and risk-taking propensity between primary users of crack cocaine and primary users of heroin in a residential substance-use program.
Bornovalova, M., Daughters, S., Hernandez, G. D., Richards, J., & Lejuez, C. (2005) · Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.13.4.311 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Impulsivity in abstinent early- and late-onset alcoholics: differences in self-report measures and a discounting task
Dom, G., D’haene, P., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01270.x · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Needle sharing in opioid-dependent outpatients: psychological processes underlying risk
Odum, A. L., Madden, G. J., Badger, G. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2000) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00111-3 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Discounting of delayed hypothetical money and food: Effects of amount
Odum, A. L., Baumann, A. A., & Rimington, D. D. (2006) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2006.06.008 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Discounting of delayed rewards in substance abusers: relationship to antisocial personality disorder
Petry, N. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1115-1 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Effects of short-term nicotine deprivation on decision-making: Delay, uncertainty and effort discounting
Mitchell, S. H. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200412331296002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Addiction and discounting
Bretteville‐Jensen, A. L. (1999) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(98)00057-5 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Measuring impulsivity and modeling its association with cigarette smoking.
Mitchell, S. (2004) · Behavioral & Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582305276838 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-Control in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects of Added Stimulation and Time
Schweitzer, J. B., & Sulzer‐Azároff, B. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb02321.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Adjusting delay to reinforcement: Comparing choice in pigeons and humans.
Rodríguez, M., & Logue, A. W. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037//0097-7403.14.1.105 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Effect of tryptophan depletion on impulsive behavior in men with or without a family history of alcoholism
Crean, J. P., Richards, J. B., & de Wit, H. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00132-8 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Delay and probability discounting as related to different stages of adolescent smoking and non-smoking
Reynolds, B. A., Karraker, K. H., Horn, K. A., & Richards, J. B. (2003) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00168-2 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citation
Delay of Gratification and Delay Discounting: A Unifying Feedback Model of Delay-Related Impulsive Behavior
Reynolds, B. A., & Schiffbauer, R. (2005) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395520 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citation
ALCOHOL INTOXICATION REDUCES IMPULSIVITY IN THE DELAY-DISCOUNTING PARADIGM
Ortner, C. N. M. (2003) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg041 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Adjusting delay to reinforcement: Comparing choice in pigeons and humans.
Rodriguez, M. L., & Logue, A. W. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037/0097-7403.14.1.105 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Effects of gender and family history of alcohol dependence on a behavioral task of impulsivity in healthy subjects.
Petry, N. M., Kirby, K. N., & Kranzler, H. R. (2002) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.83 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Temporal Discounting When the Choice Is Between Two Delayed Rewards.
Green, L., Myerson, J., & Macaux, E. W. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.5.1121 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Comparison between two measures of delay discounting in smokers.
Epstein, L. H., Richards, J. B., Saad, F. G., Paluch, R. A., Roemmich, J. N., & Lerman, C. E. (2003) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.2.131 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
EFFECTS OF DELAYED REINFORCEMENT IN A CONCURRENT SITUATION1
Chung, S. (1965) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1965.8-439 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Applying a Behavioral Economic Framework to Understanding Adolescent Smoking.
Audrain-McGovern, J. E., Rodriguez, D., Tercyak, K. P., Epstein, L. H., Goldman, P. N., & Wileyto, E. P. (2004) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.18.1.64 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Do high rates of cigarette consumption increase delay discounting?
Reynolds, B. (2004) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.08.006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cigarette consumption and socio‐economic circumstances in adolescence as predictors of adult smoking
Jefferis, B. J. M. H., Graham, H. M., Manor, O., & Power, C. (2003) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2003.00552.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Experiential Discounting Task is sensitive to cigarette-smoking status and correlates with a measure of delay discounting
Reynolds, B. A. (2006) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/01.fbp.0000190684.77360.c0 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Measurement of delay discounting using trial-by-trial consequences
Lane, S. D., Cherek, D. R., Pietras, C. J., & Tcheremissine, O. V. (2003) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00143-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Effects of Deprivation Level on Humans' Self-Control for Food Reinforcers
Kirk, J., & Logue, A. W. (1997) · Appetite · doi:10.1006/appe.1996.0071 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Therapeutic doses of diazepam do not alter impulsive behavior in humans
Reynolds, B. A., RICHARDS, J., Dassinger, M. S., & de Wit, H. (2004) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.06.011 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impulsive choice and workplace safety: A new area of inquiry for research in occupational settings
Reynolds, B. A., & Schiffbauer, R. (2004) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03393183 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects of Cold Pressor Pain on Human Self-Control for Positive Reinforcement
Flora, S. R., Wilkerson, L. R., & Flora, D. B. (2003) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395443 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Effects of Aversive Noise on Human Self-Control for Positive Reinforcement
Flora, S., Schieferecke, T. R., & Bremenkamp, H. G. I. (1992) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03399618 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis
MacKillop, J., Amlung, M. T., Few, L. R., Ray, L. A., Sweet, L. H., & Munafò, M. R. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Understanding heterogeneity in clinical cohorts using normative models: Beyond case-control studies
Marquand, A. F., Rezek, I., Buitelaar, J., & Beckmann, C. F. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.023 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Remember the Future: Working Memory Training Decreases Delay Discounting Among Stimulant Addicts
Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Landes, R. D., Hill, P. F., & Baxter, C. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.017 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention
Romer, D. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20442 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction
Crews, F. T., & Boettiger, C. A. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
“Such bias towards immediate rewardsmay be viewed as a formof impulsivity (Evenden, 1999), and a phenotype important for the neural bases of addiction (Reynolds, 2006).”
Background
The behavioral economics of substance use disorders: reinforcement pathologies and their repair
Bickel, W. K., Johnson, M. W., Koffarnus, M. N., MacKillop, J., & Murphy, J. G. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153724 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders
McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., & Otto, M. W. (2010) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Addiction circuitry in the human brain
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., & Tomasi, D. (2012) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134625 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
An algorithm for identifying nonsystematic delay-discounting data.
Johnson, M. W., & Bickel, W. K. (2008) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.16.3.264 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Behavioral components of impulsivity.
Stahl, C., Voss, A., Schmitz, F., Nuszbaum, M., Tüscher, O., Lieb, K., & Klauer, K. C. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0033981 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Impulsiveness as a timing disturbance: neurocognitive abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during temporal processes and normalization with methylphenidate
Rubia, K., Halari, R., Christakou, A., & Taylor, E. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0014 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Immediate Reward Bias in Humans: Fronto-Parietal Networks and a Role for the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase 158Val/ValGenotype
Boettiger, C. A., Mitchell, J. M., Tavares, V. C., Robertson, M., Joslyn, G., D'Esposito, M., & Fields, H. L. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2551-07.2007 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Maturation of limbic corticostriatal activation and connectivity associated with developmental changes in temporal discounting
Christakou, A., Brammer, M., & Rubia, K. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.067 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Gambling Disorder and Other Behavioral Addictions: Recognition and Treatment
Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2015) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000051 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Can adolescents learn self-control? Delay of gratification in the development of control over risk taking
Romer, D., Duckworth, A. L., Sznitman, S., & Park, S. (2010) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0171-8 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Neuropsychological consequences of chronic opioid use: a quantitative review and meta-analysis.
Baldacchino, A., Balfour, D. J. K., Passetti, F., Humphris, G., & Matthews, K. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.006 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity
van den Bos, W., Rodriguez, C. A., Schweitzer, J. B., & McClure, S. M. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1423095112 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Impulsivity and cognitive distortions in pathological gamblers attending the UK National Problem Gambling Clinic: a preliminary report
Michalczuk, R., Bowden-Jones, H., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Clark, L. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171100095x · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Characterizing the cognitive effects of cocaine: a comprehensive review.
Spronk, D. B., van Wel, J. H. P., Ramaekers, J. G., & Verkes, R. J. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.003 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
NOW vs LATER brain circuits: implications for obesity and addiction
Volkow, N. D., & Baler, R. D. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.002 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Cortical activation during delay discounting in abstinent methamphetamine dependent individuals
Hoffman, W. F., Schwartz, D. L., Huckans, M. S., McFarland, B. H., Meiri, G., Stevens, A. A., & Mitchell, S. H. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1261-1 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Disinhibitory psychopathology and delay discounting in alcohol dependence: Personality and cognitive correlates.
Bobova, L., Finn, P. R., Rickert, M. E., & Lucas, J. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0014503 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Lethal forethought: delayed reward discounting differentiates high-and low-lethality suicide attempts in old age
Dombrovski, A. Y., Szanto, K., Siegle, G. J., Wallace, M. L., Forman, S. D., Sahakian, B., Reynolds, C. F., & Clark, L. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.025 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
fMRI reactivity on a delay discounting task predicts weight gain in obese women
Kishinevsky, F. I., Cox, J. E., Murdaugh, D. L., Stoeckel, L. E., Cook, E. W., & Weller, R. E. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.029 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
White Matter Integrity Predicts Delay Discounting Behavior in 9- to 23-Year-Olds: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
Olson, E. A., Collins, P. F., Hooper, C. J., Muetzel, R., Lim, K. O., & Luciana, M. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21107 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Cigarette smokers discount past and future rewards symmetrically and more than controls: Is discounting a measure of impulsivity?
Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Kowal, B. P., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.009 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
DAT1 and COMT effects on delay discounting and trait impulsivity in male adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls
Paloyelis, Y., Asherson, P., Mehta, M. A., Faraone, S. V., & Kuntsi, J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.124 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Impulsivity, risk taking, and timing
Baumann, A. A., & Odum, A. L. (2012) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.04.005 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Impulsive choice and altruistic punishment are correlated and increase in tandem with serotonin depletion.
Crockett, M. J., Clark, L., Lieberman, M. D., Tabibnia, G., & Robbins, T. W. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0019861 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Does adolescent risk taking imply weak executive function? A prospective study of relations between working memory performance, impulsivity, and risk taking in early adolescence: Adolescent risk taking and executive function
Romer, D., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Giannetta, J. M., Yang, W., & Hurt, H. (2011) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01061.x · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Neural correlates of cognitive control in gambling disorder: a systematic review of fMRI studies
Moccia, L., Pettorruso, M., De Crescenzo, F., De Risio, L., di Nuzzo, L., Martinotti, G., Bifone, A., Janiri, L., & Di Nicola, M. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.025 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Laboratory and self-report assessments of impulsive behavior in adolescent daily smokers and nonsmokers.
Reynolds, B., Patak, M., Shroff, P., Penfold, R. B., Melanko, S., & Duhig, A. M. (2007) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.15.3.264 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comparison of impulsivity and working memory in cocaine addiction and pathological gambling: implications for cocaine-induced neurotoxicity.
Albein-Urios, N., Martinez-González, J. M., Lozano, Ó., Clark, L., & Verdejo-García, A. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.008 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Temporal reward discounting and ADHD: task and symptom specific effects
Scheres, A., Lee, A., & Sumiya, M. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0813-6 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Effects of methylphenidate on discounting of delayed rewards in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Shiels, K., Hawk, L. W., Reynolds, B., Mazzullo, R. J., Rhodes, J. D., Pelham, W. E., Waxmonsky, J. G., & Gangloff, B. P. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0017259 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Delay Discounting and Frontostriatal Fiber Tracts: A Combined DTI and MTR Study on Impulsive Choices in Healthy Young Adults
Peper, J. S., Mandl, R. C. W., Braams, B. R., de Water, E., Heijboer, A. C., Koolschijn, P. C. M. P., & Crone, E. A. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs163 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Behavioral trainings and manipulations to reduce delay discounting: A systematic review
Scholten, H., Scheres, A., de Water, E., Graf, U., Granic, I., & Luijten, M. (2019) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-019-01629-2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Delay Discounting Correlates with Proportional Lateral Frontal Cortex Volumes
Bjork, J. M., Momenan, R., & Hommer, D. W. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.023 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
21st century neurobehavioral theories of decision making in addiction: Review and evaluation
Bickel, W. K., Mellis, A. M., Snider, S. E., Athamneh, L. N., Stein, J. S., & Pope, D. A. (2018) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2017.09.009 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
A neural network for information seeking
White, J. K., Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Heilbronner, S. R., Zhang, K., Pai, J., Haber, S. N., & Monosov, I. E. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13135-z · Cited by 129 · see citing works
No Effect of Commercial Cognitive Training on Brain Activity, Choice Behavior, or Cognitive Performance
Kable, J. W., Caulfield, M. K., Falcone, M., McConnell, M., Bernardo, L., Parthasarathi, T., Cooper, N., Ashare, R., Audrain-McGovern, J., Hornik, R., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2832-16.2017 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Psychological and Biological Foundations of Time Preference
Daly, M., Delaney, L., & Harmon, C. P. (2009) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/jeea.2009.7.2-3.659 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Temporal discounting of monetary rewards in children and adolescents with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders
Demurie, E., Roeyers, H., Baeyens, D., & Sonuga‐Barke, E. (2012) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01178.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Emotional and non-emotional pathways to impulsive behavior and addiction.
Torres, A., Catena, A., Megías, A., Maldonado, A., Cándido, A., Verdejo-García, A., & Perales, J. C. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00043 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Relation Between Time Perspective and Delay Discounting: A Literature Review
Teuscher, U., & Mitchell, S. H. (2011) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395780 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The effects of the framing of time on delay discounting
DeHart, W. B., & Odum, A. L. (2015) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.125 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Mechanisms of impulsive choice: II. Time-based interventions to improve self-control
Smith, A. P., Marshall, A. T., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.010 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Imagining the future: degraded representations of future rewards and events in schizophrenia
Heerey, E. A., Matveeva, T. M., & Gold, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021810 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Mechanisms of impulsive choice: I. Individual differences in interval timing and reward processing
Marshall, A. T., Smith, A. P., & Kirkpatrick, K. (2014) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1002/jeab.88 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Delay discounting by adolescents experimenting with cigarette smoking
Reynolds, B., & Fields, S. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03644.x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relationship between weight status and delay discounting in a sample of adolescent cigarette smokers
Fields, S. A., Sabet, M., Peal, A., & Reynolds, B. (2011) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e328345c855 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Discounting of probabilistic rewards is associated with gambling abstinence in treatment-seeking pathological gamblers
Petry, N. M. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024782 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Long-term test–retest reliability of delayed reward discounting in adolescents
Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., & Mulligan, R. C. (2015) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.11.008 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Impaired Decision-Making, Higher Impulsivity, and Drug Severity in Substance Dependence and Pathological Gambling
Krmpotich, T., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S., Sakai, J., Thompson, L., Banich, M. T., & Tanabe, J. (2015) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000129 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Former heroin addicts with or without a history of cocaine dependence are more impulsive than controls
Nielsen, D. A., Ho, A., Bahl, A., Varma, P., Kellogg, S., Borg, L., & Kreek, M. J. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.022 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Impulsiveness is common in drug dependent individuals (Reynolds, 2006).”
Background
Parameters of delay discounting assessment: Number of trials, effort, and sequential effects
Robles, E., & Vargas, P. A. (2008) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.10.012 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Delay discounting as a mediator of the relationship between perceived stress and cigarette smoking status in adolescents
Fields, S., Leraas, K., Collins, C., & Reynolds, B. (2009) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e328330dcff · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Striatal hyposensitivity to delayed rewards among cigarette smokers
Luo, S., Ainslie, G., Giragosian, L., & Monterosso, J. R. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.012 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry
Archer, T., & Blum, K. (2012) · Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy · doi:10.4172/2157-7412.1000115 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Normative arguments from experts and peers reduce delay discounting
Senecal, N., Wang, T., Thompson, E., & Kable, J. W. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500006306 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Effects of α-2A adrenergic receptor agonist on time and risk preference in primates
Kim, S., Bobeica, I., Gamo, N. J., Arnsten, A. F. T., & Lee, D. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2520-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Steeper discounting of delayed rewards in schizophrenia but not first-degree relatives
Yu, L. Q., Lee, S., Katchmar, N., Satterthwaite, T. D., Kable, J. W., & Wolf, D. H. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.062 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Studying the relation between temporal reward discounting tasks used in populations with ADHD: a factor analysis
Scheres, A., Sumiya, M., & Thoeny, A. L. (2010) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.309 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Delay discounting by the children of smokers and nonsmokers
Reynolds, B., Leraas, K., Collins, C., & Melanko, S. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.015 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neural and behavioral correlates of episodic memory are associated with temporal discounting in older adults
Lempert, K. M., Mechanic-Hamilton, D. J., Xie, L., Wisse, L. E. M., de Flores, R., Wang, J., Das, S. R., Yushkevich, P. A., Wolk, D. A., & Kable, J. W. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107549 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Decision making: effects of methylphenidate on temporal discounting in nonhuman primates
Rajala, A. Z., Jenison, R. L., & Populin, L. C. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00278.2015 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mediated wisdom of experience revisited: delay discounting, acceptance of death, and closeness to future self.
Slater, M. D., Oliver, M. B., Appel, M., Tchernev, J. M., & Silver, N. A. (2018) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqx004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Methamphetamine administration dose effects on sexual desire, sexual decision making, and delay discounting
Berry, M. S., Bruner, N. R., Herrmann, E. S., Johnson, P. S., & Johnson, M. W. (2022) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000398 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Are Compulsive Buyers Impulsive? Evidence of Poor Response Inhibition and Delay Discounting
Williams, A. D. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.025211 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
ALTERING THE MAGNITUDE OF DELAY DISCOUNTING BY PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS
Dixon, M. R., & Holton, B. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-269 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Steep Discounting of Future Rewards as an Impulsivity Phenotype: A Concise Review
Levitt, E. E., Sanchez‐Roige, S., Palmer, A. A., & MacKillop, J. (2020) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_128 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Two Faces of Impulsiveness: Self-Control Failure and Impulsivity in Discounting Models
Yoon, H. (2015) · ACR North American Advances
Power and Reduced Temporal Discounting
Joshi, P. D., & Fast, N. J. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612457950 · Cited by 142 · see citing works

Authors: Reynolds, B.
Affiliations: Abigail Wexner Research Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Reynolds, Brady
Venue: Behavioural Pharmacology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 17
Issue: 8
Pages: 651-667
ISSN: 0955-8810 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3280115f99
OpenAlex: W2031552645
Cited by: 711
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 60
FWCI: 2.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Behavioural Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA020423)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: delay discounting, impulsivity, drug use, gambling addiction, assessment methods, causal interpretation, problematic behavior
MeSH terms: Gambling, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Reinforcement, Psychology, Time Factors, Substance-Related Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A review of delay-discounting research with humans: relations to drug use and gambling

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks