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Subjective responses to emotional stimuli during labeling, reappraisal, and distraction
Open accessAbstract
Although multiple neuroimaging studies suggest that affect labeling (i.e., putting feelings into words) can dampen affect-related responses in the amygdala, the consequences of affect labeling have not been examined in other channels of emotional responding. We conducted four studies examining the effect of affect labeling on self-reported emotional experience. In study one, self-reported distress was lower during affect labeling, compared to passive watching, of negative emotional pictures. Studies two and three added reappraisal and distraction conditions, respectively. Affect labeling showed similar effects on self-reported distress as both of these intentional emotion regulation strategies. In each of the first three studies, however, participant predictions about the effects of affect labeling suggest that unlike reappraisal and distraction, people do not believe affect labeling to be an effective emotion regulation strategy. Even after having the experience of affect labels leading to lower distress, participants still predicted that affect labeling would increase distress in the future. Thus, affect labeling is best described as an incidental emotion regulation process. Finally, study four employed positive emotional pictures and here, affect labeling was associated with diminished self-reported pleasure, relative to passive watching. This suggests that affect labeling tends to dampen affective responses in general, rather than specifically alleviating negative affect.
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“Affect labeling, the act of putting feelings into words, is considered an ‘incidental’ or ‘implicit’ form of emotion regulation”
From Treatment for social anxiety disorder alters functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry (2017) · cites this paper as Lieberman et al., 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Reappraisal was shown to decrease the experience of negative emotion (e.g., [23,24,25,26,27]) and of the associated sympathetic response (e.g., [24,25,27]).”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
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In the citing paper
“has been shown to be an effective regulatory strategy, diminishing the intensity of emotional reactions to labeled stimuli (Kircanski et al., 2012; Lieberman et al., 2011; Niles et al., 2015; Tabibnia et al., 2008).”
From Treatment for social anxiety disorder alters functional connectivity in emotion regulation neural circuitry (2017) · cites this paper as Lieberman et al., 2011
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In the citing paper
“Affect labeling, the process of naming emotions, has been demonstrated to be an effective emotion regulation strategy, resulting in reductions in the intensity of emotional reactions to labeled stimuli (Lieberman, Inagaki, Tabibnia, & Crockett, 2011).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Lieberman, Inagaki, Tabibnia, & Crockett, 2011
In the citing paper
“The act of selecting the semantic label engages regions implicated in controlled processes (e.g. right vlPFC) and reduces behavioral (e.g. self-report) and neural (e.g. amygdala activity) markers of affective responding (Lieberman et al., 2007; Cohen and Lieberman, 2010; Lieberman et al., 2011; Payer et al., 2012; Torrisi et al., 2013; Burklund et al., 2014).”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Lieberman et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Attention contributes to fear processing and the amygdala's response to stimuli is modulated by attention. Multiple studies have demonstrated that amygdala activity varies as a function of task demands.34,68,90–93”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“Neuroimaging studies using a passive viewing task—in which attention is not specifically constrained by the task—show greater amygdala activation than studies that use a specific task, such as gender discrimination or emotion rating.16,17”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lieberman, M. D., Inagaki, T. K., Tabibnia, G., & Crockett, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 468-480
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- PMC
- PMC3444304
- OpenAlex
- W2140028386
- Cited by
- 288
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Keywords
- affect labeling, emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, distraction, subjective distress, amygdala
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Amygdala, Arousal, Attention, Emotions, Female, Humans, Judgment, Male, Photic Stimulation, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult, Emotional Intelligence
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