Integrating mindfulness into the extended process model of emotion regulation: The dual-mode model of mindful emotion regulation.
Open accessAbstract
Extensive research has been conducted regarding how people manage their emotions. Within this research, there has been growing attention toward the role of mindfulness in emotion regulation. While prior reviews have discussed mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation, they have not provided a thorough integration using the prevailing models of emotion regulation or mindfulness. The present review discusses the Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation and Monitoring and Acceptance Theory of mindfulness in order to propose a novel integrated framework, the Dual-mode Model of Mindful Emotion Regulation (D-MER). This model proposes two "modes" of mindfulness: Implementation and facilitation. Implementation posits that mindfulness skills can be used as emotion regulation strategies through attentional deployment and cognitive change. Facilitation posits that mindfulness as a state or trait affects emotion generation and regulation through effects on cognitive processes and positive or negative valence systems. Further, the D-MER posits that mindfulness experience can improve the efficiency of mindfulness-based emotion regulation strategies (implementation) while effects of mindfulness on emotion regulation processes become increasingly trait-like and automatic over time (facilitation). Empirical and theoretical support for this model are discussed, specific hypotheses to guide further research are provided, and clinical implications are presented. Use of this model may identify mechanisms underlying the interaction between mindfulness and emotion regulation which can be used in ongoing affective and clinical research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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In the facilitation mode, mindfulness, cultivated over time, inherently modifies how emotions are generated, experienced, and regulated based on various emotion regulation strategies.
“On the other hand, the facilitation mode emphasizes that mindfulness, cultivated over time, inherently modifies how emotions are generated, experienced, and regulated based on various emotion regulation strategies.”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [119]
Contrasting theories argue that mindfulness may also be considered an emotion regulation strategy itself.
“However, contrasting theories argue that mindfulness may also be considered an emotion regulation strategy itself [30–32, 118, 119].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [119]
The dual-mode model of mindful emotion regulation proposes two distinct but interconnected modes of how mindfulness operates in regulating emotions.
“For example, the dual-mode model of mindful emotion regulation [119] elucidates this perspective by proposing two distinct but interconnected modes of how mindfulness operates in regulating emotions.”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [119]
In the implementation mode, mindfulness can be actively and deliberately used to target specific aspects of emotional experiences.
“In the implementation mode, mindfulness can be actively and deliberately used to target specific aspects of emotional experiences.”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [119]
These findings emphasize diverse routes through which symptoms are alleviated in individuals with depression and anxiety disorders and contribute to expanding literature that underscores the fundamental role of emotion regulation for mindfulness.
“These findings emphasize the diverse routes through which symptoms are alleviated in individuals with depression and anxiety disorders and contribute to the expanding literature that underscores the fundamental role of emotion regulation for mindfulness [23, 36, 119].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [119]
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- Authors
- Raugh, I. M., & Strauss, G. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raugh, Ian M.
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2024-04
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 847-866
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- PMC
- PMC11009092
- OpenAlex
- W4387661253
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 189
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11
- FWCI
- 13.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R61-MH121560; R21-MH119438)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness, emotion regulation, implementation modes, attentional deployment, cognitive change, trait mindfulness, automaticity
- MeSH terms
- Emotional Regulation, Attention, Emotions, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Mindfulness
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