Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis.

Frattaroli, Joanne

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.823

Cited by 1,502Mental Health via WritingPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis.

Frattaroli, Joanne·2006·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.823

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Disclosing information, thoughts, and feelings about personal and meaningful topics (experimental disclosure) is purported to have various health and psychological consequences (e.g., J. W. Pennebaker, 1993). Although the results of 2 small meta-analyses (P. G. Frisina, J. C. Borod, & S. J. Lepore, 2004; J. M. Smyth, 1998) suggest that experimental disclosure has a positive and significant effect, both used a fixed effects approach, limiting generalizability. Also, a plethora of studies on experimental disclosure have been completed that were not included in the previous analyses. One hundred forty-six randomized studies of experimental disclosure were collected and included in the present meta-analysis. Results of random effects analyses indicate that experimental disclosure is effective, with a positive and significant average r-effect size of .075. In addition, a number of moderators were identified.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.823

Cites

158 of 158 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

It can be derived from literature that therapeutic writing can be helpful for people; small benefits are consistently reported and the paradigm can be easily provided to a large number of individuals online at low-cost.
“It can be derived from literature, that therapeutic writing can be helpful for people and some researcher highlight the potential of the paradigm: Small benefits are consistently reported and the paradigm can be easily provided to a large number of individuals online at low-cost (Kállay, 2015; Frattaroli, 2006; Nyssen et al., 2016).”
From Feasibility of a Software agent providing a brief Intervention for Self-help to Uplift psychological wellbeing (“SISU”). A single-group pretest-posttest trial investigating the potential of SISU to act as therapeutic agent (2021) · cites this paper as Frattaroli, 2006
More sessions have been found to have a larger effect on overall wellbeing.
“Additionally, future studies should comprise more sessions, as more sessions have been found to have a larger effect on overall wellbeing (Frattaroli, 2006).”
From Feasibility of a Software agent providing a brief Intervention for Self-help to Uplift psychological wellbeing (“SISU”). A single-group pretest-posttest trial investigating the potential of SISU to act as therapeutic agent (2021) · cites this paper as Frattaroli, 2006
A meta-analysis found that expressive writing in various formats can improve physical and psychological health outcomes.
“A meta-analysis has found that expressive writing in various formats can improve physical and psychological health outcomes [41].”
From Efficacy of a web-based, crowdsourced peer-to-peer cognitive reappraisal platform for depression: Randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as [41]

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,385 · see citing works
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284 · see citing works
Meta-Analytic Procedures for Social Research.
Metcalfe, A., & Rosenthal, R. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348600 · Cited by 4,249 · see citing works
Meta-analysis in social research
(1982) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(82)90011-8 · Cited by 3,896 · see citing works
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Howel, D., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533295 · Cited by 3,657 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1992) · Cited by 3,325 · see citing works
Why People Use Health Services
Rosenstock, I. M. (2005) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00425.x · Cited by 2,329 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies.
Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.9.752 · Cited by 2,154 · see citing works
Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Beall, S. K. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.95.3.274 · Cited by 1,898 · see citing works
Parametric measures of effect size.
Rosenthal, R. (1994) · Cited by 1,856 · see citing works
Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables.
Smyth, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.66.1.174 · Cited by 1,290 · see citing works
Self-Disclosure: An Experimental Analysis of the Transparent Self
Jourard, S. M. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,085 · see citing works
VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS
Hamilton, J. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91977-5 · Cited by 1,045 · see citing works
Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy.
Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.2.239 · Cited by 1,041 · see citing works
When small effects are impressive
Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.160 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Cognitive, Emotional, and Language Processes in Disclosure
Pennebaker, J. W., & Francis, M. E. (1996) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999396380079 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Putting stress into words: Health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications
Pennebaker, J. W. (1993) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(93)90105-4 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Events and subjective well-being: Only recent events matter.
Suh, E. M., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.5.1091 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
The Health Benefits of Writing about Life Goals
King, L. A. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201277003 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
Accelerating the coping process.
Pennebaker, J., Colder, M., & Sharp, L. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.3.528 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Confession, Inhibition, and Disease
Pennebaker, J. W. (1989) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60309-3 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: Psychological Factors and Physical Disease from the Perspective of Human Psychoneuroimmunology
Cohen, S., & Herbert, T. B. (1996) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.113 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Extraversion and neuroticism as predictors fo objective life events: A longitudinal analysis.
Magnus, K. B., Diener, E., Fujita, F., & Payot, W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.5.1046 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Emotion, Disclosure, and Health
Pennebaker, J. W. (1995) · Cited by 671 · see citing works
STEVENS' HANDBOOK OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
Pashler, H. (2002) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471214426 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Randomized, Controlled Trial of Written Emotional Expression and Benefit Finding in Breast Cancer Patients
Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S., Sworowski, L. A., Collins, C. A., Branstetter, A. D., Rodriguez-Hanley, A., Kirk, S. B., & Austenfeld, J. L. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2002.08.521 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Theory and method
Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, E. (1985) · Random House eBooks · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Patterns of Natural Language Use: Disclosure, Personality, and Social Integration
Pennebaker, J. W., & Graybeal, A. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00123 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well-being.
(2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10451-000 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.692 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1994) · Cited by 463 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Written Emotional Disclosure on the Health Outcomes of Clinical Populations
Frisina, P. G., Borod, J. C., & Lepore, S. J. (2004) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000138317.30764.63 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Expressive Writing and Coping with Job Loss
Spera, S., Buhrfeind, E. D., & Pennebaker, J. (1994) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256708 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
The Volunteer Subject
Wortman, C. B., Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421418 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
The health benefits of writing about intensely positive experiences
Burton, C. M., & King, L. A. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00058-8 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Disclosure of trauma and immune response to a hepatitis B vaccination program.
Petrie, K. J., Booth, R. J., Pennebaker, J. W., Davison, K. P., & al, E. (1995) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.63.5.787 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Fixed effects models.
Hedges, L. V. (1994) · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Meta-analytic procedures for combining studies with multiple effect sizes.
Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.99.3.400 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
requivalent: A simple effect size indicator.
Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (2003) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.4.492 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms.
Lepore, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.73.5.1030 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Emotional expression and physical health: Revising traumatic memories or fostering self-regulation?
Greenberg, M. A., Wortman, C. B., & Stone, A. A. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.3.588 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Journaling about stressful events: Effects of cognitive processing and emotional expression
Ullrich, P. M., & Lutgendorf, S. K. (2002) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2403_10 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Emotional disclosure about traumas and its relation to health: Effects of previous disclosure and trauma severity.
Greenberg, M. A., & Stone, A. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.1.75 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity.
Klein, K., & Boals, A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.130.3.520 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Talking facilitates cognitive-emotional processes of adaptation to an acute stressor.
Lepore, S. J., Ragan, J. D., & Jones, S. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.3.499 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Writing about the Perceived Benefits of Traumatic Events: Implications for Physical Health
King, L. A., & Miner, K. N. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200264008 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Emotional disclosure through writing or speaking modulates latent Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers.
Esterling, B. A., Antoni, M. H., FLETCHER, M. A., Margulies, S., & al, E. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.62.1.130 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Influence of psychological coping on survival and recurrence in people with cancer: systematic review
Petticrew, M., Bell, R., & Hunter, D. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7372.1066 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Putting Stress into Words: The Impact of Writing on Physiological, Absentee, and Self-Reported Emotional Well-Being Measures
Francis, M. E., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1992) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/0890-1171-6.4.280 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Emotional disclosure about traumas and its relation to health: Effects of previous disclosure and trauma severity.
Greenberg, M. A., & Stone, A. A. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.1.75 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Taking Pen to Hand: Evaluating Theories Underlying the Written Disclosure Paradigm
Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph062 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
[The Origins of Psychoanalysis].
Erikson, E. H. (1955) · PubMed · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Effects of Writing About Traumatic Experiences: The Necessity for Narrative Structuring
Smyth, J. M., True, N., & Souto, J. (2001) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.20.2.161.22266 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
A Closer Examination of the Structured Written Disclosure Procedure.
Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.2.165 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Emotional expression and physical health: Revising traumatic memories or fostering self-regulation?
Greenberg, M. A., Wortman, C. B., & Stone, A. A. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.588 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Immunological effects of induced shame and guilt
Dickerson, S. S., Kemeny, M. E., Aziz, N., Kim, K. H., & Fahey, J. L. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000097338.75454.29 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Effect of Written Emotional Expression on Immune Function in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Randomized Trial
Petrie, K. J., Fontanilla, I., Thomas, M. G., Booth, R. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000116782.49850.d3 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Expression of stressful experiences through writing: Effects of a self-regulation manipulation for pessimists and optimists.
Cameron, L. D., & Nicholls, G. (1998) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.17.1.84 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The Volunteer Subject.
Moore, J. C., Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1976) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2062955 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Words
Slatcher, R., & Pennebaker, J. (2006) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01762.x · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Theories, Therapies, and Taxpayers: On the Complexities of the Expressive Writing Paradigm.
Pennebaker, J. W. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph063 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Health effects of emotional disclosure in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Kelley, J. E., Lumley, M. A., & Leisen, J. C. C. (1997) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.16.4.331 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Health effects of emotional disclosure in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Kelley, J. E., Lumley, M. A., & Leisen, J. C. C. (1997) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.16.4.331 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Publication bias and meta-analysis
Smith, M. L. (1980) · Evaluation in Education · doi:10.1016/0191-765x(80)90004-x · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Disclosing Trauma Through Writing: Testing the Meaning-Making Hypothesis
Park, C. L., & Blumberg, C. J. (2002) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1020353109229 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Expressive writing and health: Self-regulation of emotion-related experience, physiology, and behavior.
Lepore, S. J., Greenberg, M. A., Bruno, M., & Smyth, J. M. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10451-005 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Does disclosure of emotions facilitate recovery from bereavement? Evidence from two prospective studies.
Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W., Schut, H. A. W., Zech, E., & van den Bout, J. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.1.169 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Effects of disclosure of traumatic events on illness behavior among psychiatric prison inmates.
Richards, J. M., Beal, W. E., Seagal, J. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.156 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Further Examination of the Exposure Model Underlying the Efficacy of Written Emotional Disclosure.
Sloan, D. M., Marx, B. P., & Epstein, E. M. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.549 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
For Whom Does It Work? Moderators of the Effects of Written Emotional Disclosure in a Randomized Trial Among Women With Chronic Pelvic Pain
Norman, S. A., Lumley, M. A., Dooley, J. A., & Diamond, M. P. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000116979.77753.74 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Mending Broken Hearts: Effects of Expressive Writing on Mood, Cognitive Processing, Social Adjustment and Health Following a Relationship Breakup
Lepore, S. J., & Greenberg, M. A. (2002) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440290025768 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Written Emotional Expression Produces Health Benefits in Fibromyalgia Patients
Broderick, J., Junghaenel, D., & Schwartz, J. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000156933.04566.bd · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Expressive Disclosure and Health Outcomes in a Prostate Cancer Population
Rosenberg, H. J., Rosenberg, S. D., Ernstoff, M. S., Wolford, G. L., Amdur, R. J., Elshamy, M. R., Bauer-Wu, S. M., Ahles, T. A., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2002) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/agpf-vb1g-u82e-ae8c · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Mental rumination, social sharing, and the recovery from emotional exposure.
Rimé, B. (1995) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10182-013 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Stress management through written emotional disclosure improves academic performance among college students with physical symptoms.
Lumley, M. A., & Provenzano, K. M. (2003) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.3.641 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Written Emotional Disclosure Buffers the Effects of Social Constraints on Distress Among Cancer Patients.
Zakowski, S. G., Ramati, A., Morton, C., Johnson, P., & Flanigan, R. C. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.6.555 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The “genetics” of driving behavior: parents’ driving style predicts their children’s driving style
Bianchi, A., & Summala, H. (2003) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(03)00087-3 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Finding Positive Meaning and Its Association With Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity Among Participants in a Bereavement-Related Disclosure Intervention
Bower, J. E., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., & Fahey, J. L. (2003) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2502_11 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
A pilot study of the effects of expressive writing on psychological and behavioral adjustment in patients enrolled in a Phase II trial of vaccine therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
de Moor, C., Sterner, J., Hall, M. H., Warneke, C. L., Gilani, Z., Amato, R. J., & Cohen, L. G. (2002) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.21.6.615 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Cognitive and Emotional Changes in Written Essays and Therapy Interviews
Donnelly, D. A., & Murray, E. J. (1991) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1991.10.3.334 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Good, the Bad, and the Healthy: Impacts of Emotional Disclosure of Trauma on Resilient Self-Concept and Psychological Distress
Hemenover, S. H. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203255228 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Written Disclosure in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Gidron, Y., Peri, T., Connolly, J. F., & Shalev, A. Y. (1996) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199608000-00009 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
It's not that bad: Social challenges to emotional disclosure enhance adjustment to stress
Lepore, S. J., Fernández‐Berrocal, P., Ragan, J. D., & Díaz, N. S. R. (2004) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800412331318625 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Emotional processing in vocal and written expression of feelings about traumatic experiences
Murray, E. J., & Segal, D. L. (1994) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02102784 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Emotional Expression in Written Essays and Psychotherapy
Murray, E. J., Lamnin, A., & Carver, C. S. (1989) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1989.8.4.414 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Emotional Expression in Cyberspace: Searching for Moderators of the Pennebaker Disclosure Effect via E-Mail.
Sheese, B. E., Brown, E. L., & Graziano, W. G. (2004) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.23.5.457 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Gain without pain? Expressive writing and self-regulation.
King, L. A. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10451-006 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Expressive writing and the role of alexythimia as a dispositional deficit in self-disclosure and psychological health.
Páez, D., Velasco, C. G., & Castro, J. L. G. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.3.630 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Expressive writing and the role of alexythimia as a dispositional deficit in self-disclosure and psychological health.
Páez, D., Velasco, C., & Castro, J. L. G. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.3.630 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Social isolation stress enhanced liver metastasis of murine colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells by suppressing immune responses in mice
Wu, W., Yamaura, T., Murakami, K., Murata, J., Matsumoto, K., Watanabe, H., & Saiki, I. (2000) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00506-3 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Physical and psychological effects of written disclosure among sexual abuse survivors
Batten, S. V., Follette, V. M., Hall, M. L. R., & Reed, K. M. P. (2002) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(02)80008-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Effects of a Behavioral Stress-Management Program on Anxiety, Mood, Self-Esteem, and T-Cell Count in HIV-Positive Men
Taylor, D. N. (1995) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.451 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Does emotional expression make a difference in reactions to breast cancer?
Walker, B. L., Nail, L. M., & Croyle, R. T. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 111 · see citing works
An exposure‐based examination of the effects of written emotional disclosure
Kloss, J. D., & Lisman, S. A. (2002) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910702169349 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Structured Writing and Processing Major Stressful Events: A Controlled Trial
Schoutrop, M., Lange, A., Hanewald, G. J. F. P., Davidovich, U., & Salomon, H. (2002) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000056282 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Effects of future writing and optimism on health behaviors in HIV-infected women
Mann, T. L. (2001) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2301_5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Postoperative Course After Papilloma Resection: Effects of Written Disclosure of the Experience in Subjects With Different Alexithymia Levels
Solano, L., Donati, V., Pecci, F., Persichetti, S., & Colaci, A. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000035781.74170.f1 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The feasibility and effectiveness of an expressive writing intervention for rheumatoid arthritis via home-based videotaped instructions
Broderick, J. E., Stone, A. A., Smyth, J. M., & Kaell, A. T. (2004) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2701_7 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Effects of guided written disclosure of stressful experiences on clinic visits and symptoms in frequent clinic attenders
Gidron, Y. (2002) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/19.2.161 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Health Effects of Written Emotional Disclosure in Adolescents with Asthma: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Warner, L. J., Lumley, M. A., Casey, R. J., Pierantoni, W., Salazar, R., Zoratti, E. M., Enberg, R. N., & Simon, M. R. (2005) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj048 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
CHANGES IN CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTE NUMBERS FOLLOWING EMOTIONAL DISCLOSURE: EVIDENCE OF BUFFERING?
Booth, R. J., Petrie, K. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1997) · Stress Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199701)13:1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Changes in cognitive coping strategies predict EBV-antibody titre change following a stressor disclosure induction
Lutgendorf, S. K., Antoni, M. H., Kumar, M., & Schneiderman, N. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90009-4 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Writing Projects: Lessening Undergraduates' Unique Suicidal Bereavement
Kovac, S. H., & Range, L. M. (2000) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2000.tb01064.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Autonomic Effects of Expressive Writing in Individuals with Elevated Blood Pressure
McGuire, K., Greenberg, M. A., & Gevirtz, R. (2005) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105305049767 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The evidence-based pharmacological treatment of social anxiety disorder
Blanco, C., Raza, M. S., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2003) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145703003791 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
DOES WRITING ABOUT THE BEREAVEMENT LESSEN GRIEF FOLLOWING SUDDEN, UNINTENTIONAL DEATH?
Kovac, S. H. (2000) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/074811800200603 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Examining the Theory and Clinical Utility of Writing About Emotional Experiences
Bootzin, R. R. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00404.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Getting to the Heart of the Matter: Written Disclosure, Gender, and Heart Rate
Epstein, E. M., Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000160474.82170.7b · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Emotional Disclosure in School Children
Reynolds, M., Brewin, C. R., & Saxton, M. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963099005223 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Health Outcomes and Cognitive Aspects of Recalled Negative Life Events
Suedfeld, P., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199703000-00009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Effects of Written Emotional Disclosure on Caregivers of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Illness
Schwartz, L. A. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsh014 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effects of written emotional disclosure among repressive and alexithymic people.
Lumley, M. A., Tojek, T. M., & Macklem, D. J. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10451-004 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cognitive-Behavioral Models of Emotional Writing: A Validation Study
Guastella, A. J., & Dadds, M. R. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9045-6 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Does Writing Affect Asthma? A Randomized Trial
Harris, A. H. S., Thoresen, C. E., Humphreys, K. N., & Faul, J. L. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000146345.73510.d5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Treatment of postnatal depression
Hendrick, V. C. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7422.1003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Effects of mode of writing on emotional narratives
Brewin, C. R., & Lennard, H. (1999) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024736828322 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Fos-Related Antigen 2: Potential Mediator of the Transcriptional Activation in Rat Adrenal Medulla Evoked by Repeated Immobilization Stress
Nankova, B. B., Rivkin, M. I., Kelz, M. B., Nestler, E. J., & Sabban, E. L. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-15-05647.2000 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effects of emotional disclosure on psychological and physiological outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an exploratory home-based study
Wetherell, M. A., Byrne-Davis, L., Dieppe, P., Donovan, J., Brookes, S., Byron, M., Vedhara, K., Horne, R., Weinman, J., & Miles, J. (2005) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105305049778 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Does Writing About Suicidal Thoughts and Feelings Reduce Them?
Kovac, S. H., & Range, L. M. (2002) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.32.4.428.22335 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Improving adjustment to chronic illness through strategic self-presentation: An experimental study on a renal dialysis unit.
Leake, R., Friend, R. M., & Wadhwa, N. K. (1999) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.18.1.54 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Impact of drug use on inmate misconduct: A multilevel analysis
Jiang, S. (2005) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Reducing Maternal Psychological Distress After the NICU Experience Through Journal Writing
Barry, L. M., & Singer, G. H. S. (2001) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/105381510102400404 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Structured writing about stressful events: Exploring potential psychological mediators of positive health effects.
Stone, A. A., Smyth, J. M., Kaell, A. T., & Hurewitz, A. N. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.619 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Social anxiety disorder
Schneier, F. R. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.515 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Psychoneuroimmunology: A literature review.
Vollhardt, L. T. (1991) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0079226 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Symptom Management in Older Primary Care Patients: Feasibility of an Experimental, Written Self-Disclosure Protocol
Klapow, J. C., Schmidt, S. M., Taylor, L. A. “., Roller, P., Li, Q., Calhoun, J. W., Wallander, J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-9_part_2-200105011-00015 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A Writing Intervention for Negative Body Image
Earnhardt, J. L., Martz, D. M., Ballard, M. E., & Curtin, L. (2002) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1300/j035v17n01_04 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Improving Health Care Utilization, Improving Chronic Disease Utilization, Health Status, and Adjustment in Adolescents and Young Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: A Preliminary Report
Taylor, L. A., Wallander, J. L., Anderson, D. L., Beasley, P. J., & Brown, R. T. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1023/a:1022897512137 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Written disclosure of experiences with racial discrimination and antibody response to an influenza vaccine
Stetler, C., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1301_8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Effects of Writing About Stressful Experiences on Symptom Reduction in Patients With Asthma or Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Trial
Smyth, J. M., Stone, A. A., Hurewitz, A., & Kaell, A. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.14.1304 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Office versus Home-Based Family Therapy for Runaway, Alcohol Abusing Adolescents
Slesnick, N., & Prestopnik, J. (2004) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j020v22n02_02 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Emotional disclosure for whom?
O'Connor, M., Allen, J. J. B., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.04.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Does Emotional Non-Expressiveness or Avoidance Interfere with Writing about Stressful Life Events? An Analysis in Patients with Chronic Illness
Smyth, J. M., Anderson, C. F., Hockemeyer, J. R., & Stone, A. A. (2002) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440290025777 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Verbal and non‐verbal disclosure of recalled negative experiences: Relation to well‐being
Pantchenko, T., Lawson, M., & Joyce, M. R. (2003) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608303322362488 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Does Writing Reduce Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms?
Deters, P. B., & Range, L. M. (2003) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vivi.2003.18.5.569 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Positive affect, negative affect, and the moderating effect of writing on siga antibody levels
Njus, D. M., Nitschke, W., & Bryant, F. B. (1996) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870449608406927 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of an Emotional Disclosure Writing Task on the Physical and Psychological Functioning of Children of Alcoholics
Gallant, M. D., & Lafreniere, K. D. (2003) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j020v21n04_05 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2003) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Differential health effects of written processing of the experience of a surgical operation in high‐ and low‐risk conditions
Solano, L., Pepe, L., Donati, V., Persichetti, S., Laudani, G., & Colaci, A. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20355 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Emotional Processing of Traumatic Events
Pennebaker, J. W., & Slatcher, R. B. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420039702.ch15 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Physiological and health effects of writing about stress.
Crow, D. (2000) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The effects of emotional expression on adjustment to stressful events.
Rivkin, I. D. (2000) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effects of writing about traumatic experiences on adolescents identified as emotionally disturbed (ED)
Evans, C. M. (1999) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The health effects of emotional disclosure for individuals with type 1 diabetes
Bodor, N. Z. (2002) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Use of self-guided writing therapy as an intervention for trauma: A sample of incarcerated women
Tromp, S. (1997) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation in Rheumatoid Arthritis
van Middendorp, H., van Doornen, L. J. P., Bijlsma, J. W. J., Geenen, R., & Sorbi, M. J. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e537242011-009 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Coping with emotional distress: Effects of disclosure mode on cognitive, affective, and health outcomes
Kunkel, A. W. (2000) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Exploring the Potential of Pennebaker’s Writing Paradigm on Betrayal Trauma Sequelae
Allard, C. B., Freyd, J. J., & Momiyama, T. (2004) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The impact of expressive writing on prospective teachers' sense of efficacy, stress, burnout, and satisfaction with teaching.
Anopchand, N. K. (2000) · University of Florida Digital Collections (University of Florida) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The effects of indirect versus direct disclosure of traumatic experience on psychological and physical well -being
Yanko, J. I. (2000) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Coping with loss in later life: The effects of discursive activity on stress and health
Caplan, S. E. (2000) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The effect of writing during illness on health outcome
Levey-Thors, C. M. (2000) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The health benefits of art therapy following traumatic life experiences.
Birch, M. A. (1998) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The influence of coping style on confiding by journal writing as treatment for physical symptoms
Spurlock, V. L. (1999) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Narrative content in positive and negative written emotional expression and long-term improvements in mood, self-cognitions, and psychological symptomatology in survivors of trauma
Wagner, K. T. (2000) · ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The impact of problem-related written disclosure and problem-related visualization on adjustment to stressful interpersonal problems /
Schantz, J. R. (2000) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Forming a story: The health benefits of narrative
(1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199910)55:10

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Rethinking rumination
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172 · see citing works
Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers
Gignac, G. E., & Szodorai, E. T. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.069 · Cited by 2,860 · see citing works
Privacy and human behavior in the age of information
Acquisti, A., Brandimarte, L., & Loewenstein, G. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa1465 · Cited by 1,879 · see citing works
Marital quality and health: A meta-analytic review.
Robles, T. F., Slatcher, R. B., Trombello, J. M., & McGinn, M. M. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031859 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
“…(Laurenceau, Barrett, & Rovine, 2005), confers an array of physical health benefits, such as decreased work absenteeism and physician visits, which are attributed to changes in psychological well-being and biological mediators, particularly immune function (Frattaroli, 2006; Smyth, 1998).”
Background
Emotion Elicits the Social Sharing of Emotion: Theory and Empirical Review
Rimé, B. (2009) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073908097189 · Cited by 1,546 · see citing works
Word of mouth and interpersonal communication: A review and directions for future research
Berger, J. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.05.002 · Cited by 1,469 · see citing works
“This insight can lead to recovery from the negative experience and increased long-term well-being (Frattaroli, 1996; Lyubomirsky, Sousa, & Dickerhoof, 2006; Pennebaker, 1999; Pennebaker et al., 2001; Smyth, 1998).”
Background
Destination image and tourist loyalty: a meta-analysis
Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.006 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
“However, the only two studies on the relationship between self-congruity and the particular dimension of attitudinal loyalty were not sufficient for metaanalysis, which depends on a sizable number of studies to ensure the generalizability (Frattaroli, 2006).”
Background
The disclosure processes model: Understanding disclosure decision making and postdisclosure outcomes among people living with a concealable stigmatized identity.
Chaudoir, S. R., & Fisher, J. D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018193 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
How to increase and sustain positive emotion: The effects of expressing gratitude and visualizing best possible selves
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760500510676 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Pain and emotion: a biopsychosocial review of recent research
Lumley, M. A., Cohen, J. L., Borszcz, G. S., Cano, A., Radcliffe, A. M., Porter, L. S., Schubiner, H., & Keefe, F. J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20816 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
The development of autobiographical memory.
Fivush, R. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131702 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Health literacy and adherence to medical treatment in chronic and acute illness: A meta-analysis
Miller, T. A. (2016) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.01.020 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
“The random effects model allows the generalization of findings beyond those included in this meta-analysis [22, 28].”
Method
Psychological entropy: a framework for understanding uncertainty-related anxiety
Hirsh, J. B., Mar, R. A., & Peterson, J. B. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0026767 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses
Hughes, L. S., Clark, J., Colclough, J. A., Dale, E., & McMillan, D. (2017) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000425 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
A review and meta-analysis of age-based stereotype threat: negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage
Lamont, R. A., Swift, H. J., & Abrams, D. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0038586 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
“This is a technique used to address publication bias (Frattaroli, 2006; Hawkins, Blanchard, Baldwin, & Fawcett, 2008).”
Emotion and autobiographical memory
Holland, A. C., & Kensinger, E. A. (2010) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2010.01.006 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Publication bias in psychological science: Prevalence, methods for identifying and controlling, and implications for the use of meta-analyses.
Ferguson, C. J., & Brannick, M. Τ. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0024445 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Novel Models for Delivering Mental Health Services and Reducing the Burdens of Mental Illness
Kazdin, A. E., & Rabbitt, S. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612463566 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
“, writing regularly on a blog) might be viewed as another medium for delivering one of the many evidence-based expressive writing interventions (e.g., for trauma; Frattaroli, 2006; Pennebaker, Mehl, & Niederhoffer, 2003).”
Background
Health Beliefs, Disease Severity, and Patient Adherence: A Meta-Analysis
DiMatteo, M. R., Haskard, K. B., & Williams, S. L. (2007) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318032937e · Cited by 482 · see citing works
The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.692 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Good news! Capitalizing on positive events in an interpersonal context
Gable, S. L., & Reis, H. T. (2010) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42004-3 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Toward a Unified Model of Information Security Policy Compliance1
Moody, G. D., Siponen, M., & Pahnila, S. (2018) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2018/13853 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Intervening within and across levels: A multilevel approach to stigma and public health
Cook, J. E., Purdie-Vaughns, V., Meyer, I. H., & Busch, J. T. A. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.023 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
“Disclosure of thoughts and feelings about traumatic experiences can improve mental and physical health (Frattaroli, 2006; Pennebaker, Colder, & Sharp, 1990).”
Background
Coherence of Personal Narratives across the Lifespan: A Multidimensional Model and Coding Method
Reese, E., Haden, C., Baker-Ward, L., Bauer, P., Fivush, R., & Ornstein, P. (2011) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2011.587854 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Emotion and narrative fiction: Interactive influences before, during, and after reading
Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., Djikic, M., & Mullin, J. B. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.515151 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Cancer-related fatigue: A systematic and meta-analytic review of non-pharmacological therapies for cancer patients.
Kangas, M., Bovbjerg, D. H., & Montgomery, G. H. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0012825 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
The Handbook of Behavior Change
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Talking about sexual assault: Society's response to survivors.
Ullman, S. E. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12083-000 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Revisiting Truth or Triviality
Mitchell, G. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611432343 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
“There are a few meta-analyses that examined effects under different research settings, but they could not be included because they did not report effect size information for each of the settings (e.g., Frattaroli, 2006).”
Background
A meta-analysis of universal mental health prevention programs for higher education students
Conley, C. S., Durlak, J. A., & Kirsch, A. C. (2015) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0543-1 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Expressive Writing: Connections to Physical and Mental Health
Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2012) · The Oxford Handbook of Health Psychology · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195342819.013.0018 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
“Finally, Frattaroli (2006) published the largest meta‐analysis on the effects of expressive writing.”
Background
Speaking silence: The social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives
Fivush, R. (2010) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210903029404 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Resilience in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Kwon, P. H. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868313490248 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“A number of studies on the general population have established that increasing emotional openness through expressive writing is beneficial (see review by Frattaroli, 2006).”
Background
Subjective responses to emotional stimuli during labeling, reappraisal, and distraction
Lieberman, M. D., Inagaki, T. K., Tabibnia, G., & Crockett, M. J. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0023503 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior
Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.002 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
The impact of self-affirmation on health-behavior change: A meta-analysis
Epton, T., Harris, P. R., Kane, R., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., & Sheeran, P. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000116 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Hedonic Adaptation to Positive and Negative Experiences
Lyubomirsky, S. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0011 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Reactivity of measurement in health psychology: How much of a problem is it? What can be done about it?
French, D., & Sutton, S. R. (2010) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910710x492341 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Internet-based guided self-help intervention for chronic pain based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A randomized controlled trial
Trompetter, H. R., Bohlmeijer, E. T., Veehof, M. M., & Schreurs, K. M. G. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9579-0 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Feelings Into Words: Contributions of Language to Exposure Therapy
Kircanski, K., Lieberman, M. D., & Craske, M. G. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612443830 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“…studies have found that when current emotional experience is verbalized, whether in spoken or written form, distress is reduced relative to conditions in which no verbalization or verbalization of nonaffective material occurs (for reviews, see Frattaroli, 2005; Pennebaker & Chung, 2011).”
Background
What Is the Optimal Way to Deliver a Positive Activity Intervention? The Case of Writing About One’s Best Possible Selves
Layous, K., Nelson, S. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9346-2 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“Writing about personal and meaningful experiences can have positive effects on mental and physical health (see Frattaroli 2006, for a comprehensive meta-analysis).”
Background
Exploring the boundary conditions of expressive writing: In search of the right recipe
Smyth, J. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2008) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910707x260117 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Estimating the Difference Between Published and Unpublished Effect Sizes: A Meta-Review
Polanin, J. R., Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Hennessy, E. A. (2016) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654315582067 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Potentially Perilous Pedagogies: Teaching Trauma Is Not the Same as Trauma-Informed Teaching
Carello, J., & Butler, L. (2014) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.867571 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“Indeed, the benefits of WED have been well documented (see Frattaroli, 2006); however, the negative effects have also been well documented, particularly for those experiencing moderate to severe trauma symptoms or carrying a PTSD diagnosis (Hockemeyer, Smyth, Anderson, & Stone, 1999; Sloan & Marx,…”
Background
Stigma Management and Well-Being: The Role of Perceived Social Support, Emotional Processing, and Suppression
Beals, K. P., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2009) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167209334783 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Does it hurt to ask? A meta-analysis of participant reactions to trauma research
Jaffe, A. E., DiLillo, D., Hoffman, L., Haikalis, M., & Dykstra, R. E. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.004 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
The Revelation Risk Model (RRM): Factors that Predict the Revelation of Secrets and the Strategies Used to Reveal Them
Afifi, T. D., & Steuber, K. R. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750902828412 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-Compassion Soothes the Savage EGO-Threat System: Effects on Negative Affect, Shame, Rumination, and Depressive Symptoms
Johnson, E. A., & O'Brien, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2013.32.9.939 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Celebrating fifty years of research and applications in reminiscence and life review: state of the art and new directions.
Westerhof, G., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2014) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2014.02.003 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“…on expressive writing found a small but significant overall effect of such expressive writing tasks on physiological functioning, self-reported physical health, psychological health, and general functioning that is independent of age, gender, or ethnicity of the participants (Frattaroli, 2006).”
Background
Efficacy of a web-based, crowdsourced peer-to-peer cognitive reappraisal platform for depression: Randomized controlled trial
Morris, R. R., Schueller, S. M., & Picard, R. W. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4167 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis has found that expressive writing in various formats can improve physical and psychological health outcomes [41].”
Psychosocial interventions and posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis.
Roepke, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036872 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“Whatever the mechanism, these interventions often alleviate distress: A recent meta-analysis suggested that expressive writing reliably diminishes PTSD symptoms and depression (Frattaroli, 2006).”
Background
Life Crafting as a Way to Find Purpose and Meaning in Life
Schippers, M., & Ziegler, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02778 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
“Research suggests that reflecting on and writing down personal goals is especially important in helping people to find purpose and live a fulfilling life (King and Pennebaker, 1996; King, 2001), and that in general writing sessions longer than 15 min have larger effects (Frattaroli, 2006).”
Background
Expressive Writing in Psychological Science
Pennebaker, J. W. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691617707315 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“By 1998, the first meta-analysis was published, and over the years, there have now been at least 4 to 5 additional meta-analyses on the writing phenomenon (see Baikie & Wilhelm, 2005; Frattaroli, 2006; Frisina, Borod, & Lepore, 2004; Harris, 2006; Smyth, 1998; Travagin, Margola, & Revenson, 2015).”
Relations between emotion regulation strategies and affect in daily life: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using ecological momentary assessments
Boemo, T., Nieto, I., Vazquez, C., & Sanchez-Lopez, A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104747 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“…strategies like emotion expression (Cameron and Overall, 2008), or social support seeking (Carver et al., 1989; Rimé, 2009) have been related to various psychopathologies (e.g. Kahn and Garrison, 2009; Davies et al., 2010) and with general negative affect (Frattaroli, 2006; Ben-Zur, 2009).”
Background
The erring brain: Error‐related negativity as an endophenotype for OCD—A review and meta‐analysis
Riesel, A. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13348 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Health information seeking in the Web 2.0 age: Trust in social media, uncertainty reduction, and self-disclosure
Lin, W.-Y., Zhang, X., Song, H., & Omori, K. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.055 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“As proposed by Frattaroli (2006), self-disclosure has health benefits and is closely associated with physical and mental well* Corresponding author.”
Background
Expressive writing and post‐traumatic stress disorder: Effects on trauma symptoms, mood states, and cortisol reactivity
Smyth, J. M., Hockemeyer, J. R., & Tulloch, H. E. (2008) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910707x250866 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Conscious and unconscious perseverative cognition: Is a large part of prolonged physiological activity due to unconscious stress?
Brosschot, J. F., Verkuil, B., & Thayer, J. F. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.002 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Do Preparation and Life Completion Discussions Improve Functioning and Quality of Life in Seriously Ill Patients? Pilot Randomized Control Trial
Steinhauser, K. E., Alexander, S. C., Byock, I. R., George, L. K., Olsen, M. K., & Tulsky, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2008.0078 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Smartphones and close relationships: the case for an evolutionary mismatch
Sbarra, D. A., Briskin, J. L., & Slatcher, R. B. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619826535 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“A large body of experimental evidence has shown that disclosing one’s thoughts and feelings through expressive writing results in improvements in physical health (Frattaroli, 2006) and improved functioning of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (Smyth, Hockemeyer, & Tulloch, 2008; van Middendorp, Geenen, Sor…”
Background
Rapid Review and Meta-Meta-Analysis of Self-Guided Interventions to Address Anxiety, Depression, and Stress During COVID-19 Social Distancing
Fischer, R., Bortolini, T., Karl, J. A., Zilberberg, M., Robinson, K., Rabelo, A., Gemal, L., Wegerhoff, D., Nguyễn, T. B. T., Irving, B., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.563876 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“For positive psychology interventions, several meta-analyses also found no difference between clinical and non-clinical samples (Frattaroli, 2006; Reinhold et al., 2018; Cregg and Cheavens, 2020; Hendriks et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluential
How effective are expressive writing interventions for adolescents? A meta-analytic review.
Travagin, G., Margola, D., & Revenson, T. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.003 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of indicated mental health prevention programs for at-risk higher education students.
Conley, C. S., Shapiro, J. B., Kirsch, A. C., & Durlak, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000190 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“…reports in which two alternative treatments were compared without any control group, and intervention formats that have previously been the focus of meta-analyses, including technology-delivered, expressive writing, and bibliotherapy programs (Conley et al., 2016; Frattaroli, 2006; Marrs, 1995).”
Background
Divergent associations of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies with inflammation
Appleton, A. A., Buka, S. L., Loucks, E. B., Gilman, S. E., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030068 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“written emotional disclosure) with a variety of health indicators (Frattaroli, 2006; Pennebaker & Beall, 1986).”
Background
The Effects of Measuring Emotion: Physiological Reactions to Emotional Situations Depend on whether Someone Is Asking
Kassam, K., & Mendes, W. B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064959 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Autobiographical reasoning: Arguing and narrating from a biographical perspective
Habermas, T. (2011) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.285 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Wang, K., Goldenberg, A., Dorison, C. A., Miller, J. K., Uusberg, A., Lerner, J. S., Gross, J. J., Agesin, B. E., Bernardo, M., Campos, O., et al. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01173-x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“…of d = 0.07, 95% CI = [0.05, 0.17] in improving psychological health (including emotional responses), relative to engaging in non-treatment neutral activities (for example, describing what they have done in the past 24 h) or no activities (a meta-analysis 77 finds evidence of publication bias).”
Influential
How and Why Conversational Value Leads to Happiness for Experiential and Material Purchases
Bastos, W., & Brucks, M. L. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx054 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Expressive writing and positive writing for participants with mood disorders: an online randomized controlled trial
Baikie, K. A., Geerligs, L., & Wilhelm, K. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.11.032 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Assessing the relationship between rumination and cortisol: a review
Zoccola, P. M., & Dickerson, S. S. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.03.007 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
“Rumination tasks that involve writing about a stressful event might even be therapeutic, consistent with findings from the experimental disclosure literature [49].”
Result
Increasing transformational leadership through enhancing self‐efficacy
FitzGerald, S. F., & Schutte, N. S. (2010) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621711011039240 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Randomized controlled trial of expressive writing for psychological and physical health: the moderating role of emotional expressivity
Niles, A. N., Haltom, K. E. B., Mulvenna, C. M., Lieberman, M. D., & Stanton, A. L. (2013) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.802308 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Of the studies on expressive writing in healthy college students included in Frattaroli’s meta-analysis (Frattaroli, 2006), six studies found a significant benefit from expressive writing and 32 studies found no significant effects.”
Online Positive Affect Journaling in the Improvement of Mental Distress and Well-Being in General Medical Patients With Elevated Anxiety Symptoms: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial
Smyth, J. M., Johnson, J. A., Auer, B. J., Lehman, E. B., Talamo, G., & Sciamanna, C. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11290 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Reviews of expressive writing suggested that it was modestly effective in improving a number of physical and mental health outcomes [24,25] although large heterogeneities in efficacy have been documented.”
Background
Effects of (very) brief writing on health: The two‐minute miracle
Burton, C. M., & King, L. A. (2008) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910707x250910 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Written exposure as an intervention for PTSD: a randomized clinical trial with motor vehicle accident survivors
Sloan, D. M., Marx, B. P., Bovin, M. J., Feinstein, B. A., & Gallagher, M. W. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.07.001 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“In this and many subsequent studies with a variety of samples, results showed that this writing procedure, referred to as written disclosure, improved both psychological and physical health (see Frattaroli, 2006; for a review).”
Emotion experience and regulation in China and the United States: How do culture and gender shape emotion responding?
Davis, E. L., Greenberger, E., Charles, S. T., Chen, C., Zhao, L., & Dong, Q. (2012) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207594.2011.626043 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“In Western cultures, people are encouraged to acknowledge and understand feeling states, attempt to make sense of them, and sometimes to regulate them (eg, Frattaroli, 2006 ).”
Background
The role of emotion regulation in auditory hallucinations
Badcock, J. C., Paulik, G., & Maybery, M. T. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.011 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
How benefits of expressive writing vary as a function of writing instructions, ethnicity and ambivalence over emotional expression
Lü, Q., & Stanton, A. L. (2009) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440902883196 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Suicide and Suicidal Behavior
Gvion, Y., & Apter, A. (2012) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1007/bf03391677 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“Communication enhances intimate relations and helps to cope with stress and traumatic events.(109,110) People who communicate their difficulties to their environment are less likely to kill themselves.”
Background
The Effect of an Expressive-Writing Intervention for Employees on Emotional Self-Efficacy, Emotional Intelligence, Affect, and Workplace Incivility
Kirk, B. A., Schutte, N. S., & Hine, D. W. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00708.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Let’s Focus on Solutions to Entrepreneurial Ill-Being! Recovery Interventions to Enhance Entrepreneurial Well-Being
Williamson, A. J., Gish, J. J., & Stephan, U. (2021) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/10422587211006431 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy as a web-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Randomised controlled trial
Pots, W. T. M., Fledderus, M., Meulenbeek, P. A. M., ten Klooster, P. M., Schreurs, K. M. G., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.146068 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Assessing Health Diagnosis Disclosure Decisions in Relationships: Testing the Disclosure Decision-Making Model
Greene, K. L., Magsamen‐Conrad, K., Venetis, M. K., Checton, M. G., Bagdasarov, Z., & Banerjee, S. C. (2011) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.586988 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Motives for the social sharing of an emotional experience
Duprez, C., Christophe, V., Rimé, B., Congard, A., & Antoine, P. (2014) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407514548393 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Participants write about past stressful or traumatic events in their lives for short sessions (15–30 min) held on several consecutive days (for a meta-analytic study of effects, see Frattaroli, 2006). Co-rumination was particularly examined in the friendships of children and adolescents. It involves ‘‘extensively disc…”
Background
Positive Affect Stimulation and Sustainment (PASS) Module for Depressed Mood: A Preliminary Investigation of Treatment-Related Effects
McMakin, D. L., Siegle, G. J., & Shirk, S. R. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9311-5 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Priming and warnings are not effective to prevent social engineering attacks
Junger, M., Montoya, L., & Overink, F. J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.012 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Factors contributing to verbal self-disclosure
Ignatius, E., & Kokkonen, M. (2007) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1027/1901-2276.59.4.362 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Expressive writing for gay-related stress: Psychosocial benefits and mechanisms underlying improvement.
Pachankis, J. E., & Goldfried, M. R. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017580 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Exposure therapy augmentation: A review and extension of techniques informed by an inhibitory learning approach
Weisman, J. S., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.010 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Relationship Among the Components of Self-compassion: A Pilot Study Using a Compassionate Writing Intervention to Enhance Self-kindness, Common Humanity, and Mindfulness
Dreisoerner, A., Junker, N. M., & van Dick, R. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00217-4 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders: A Systematic Review
Rutten, J. M. T. M., Korterink, J., Venmans, L. M. A. J., Benninga, M. A., & Tabbers, M. M. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2123 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Disclosures about important life events on Facebook: Relationships with stress and quality of life
Bevan, J. L., Gomez, R., & Sparks, L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.021 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Language left behind on social media exposes the emotional and cognitive costs of a romantic breakup
Seraj, S., Blackburn, K. G., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2017154118 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Revenge buying after the lockdown: Based on the SOR framework and TPB model
Liu, Y., Cai, L., Ma, F., & Wang, X. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103263 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Beneficiary or Benefactor
Grant, A. M., & Dutton, J. E. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612439424 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Research suggests that structured reflection is an antidote to this problem: When people contemplate and write about emotional experiences, they become happier and healthier (Frattaroli, 2006; Pennebaker & Seagal, 1999).”
BackgroundMethod
Personal and intergenerational narratives in relation to adolescents' well-being.
Fivush, R., Bohanek, J. G., & Zaman, W. (2011) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.288 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Building Long-Term Human–Robot Relationships: Examining Disclosure, Perception and Well-Being Across Time
Laban, G., Kappas, A., Morrison, V., & Cross, E. S. (2024) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-023-01076-z · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“It serves an evolutionary function of strengthening interpersonal relationships, while also fostering a wide variety of health beneﬁts, including helping people to cope with stress and traumatic events through eliciting help and support [14–16].”
Does therapeutic writing help people with long-term conditions? Systematic review, realist synthesis and economic considerations
Nyssen, O. P., Taylor, S. J., Wong, G., Steed, E., Bourke, L., Lord, J., Ross, C. A., Hayman, S., Field, V., Higgins, A., et al. (2016) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta20270 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Expressive writing buffers against maladaptive rumination.
Sloan, D. M., Marx, B. P., Epstein, E. M., & Dobbs, J. L. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.302 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

A Closer Examination of the Structured Written Disclosure Procedure.
Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.2.165 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
The impact of the emotional disclosure intervention on physical and psychological health - a systematic review
Meads, C., Lyons, A. C., & Carroll, D. (2003) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Can Public Versus Private Disclosure Cause Greater Psychological Symptom Reduction?
Macready, D. E., Cheung, R. Y. M., Kelly, A. E., & Wang, L. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.10.1015 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An exposure‐based examination of the effects of written emotional disclosure
Kloss, J. D., & Lisman, S. A. (2002) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910702169349 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Het Effect van Emotionele Disclosure en het Hebben van Geheimen op de Gepercipieerde Fysieke en Mentale Gezondheid
Lange-Reijerkerk, L. (2013) · DSpace (Open University in the Netherlands)

Authors: Frattaroli, J.
Affiliations: University of California, Riverside (US)
Corresponding author: Frattaroli, Joanne
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 132
Issue: 6
Pages: 823-865
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.823
OpenAlex: W2031791082
Cited by: 1,502
References: 157
Citations by year: 2026: 61 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 91
FWCI: 52.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of California
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: expressive writing, random effects models, effect size
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attitude to Health, Female, Health Status, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Mental Health, Self Disclosure, Time Factors, Writing, Expressed Emotion, Disclosure

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks