Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin.
Abstract
Responds to the comments by J. P. Rushton (see record 2012-24333-012); M. A. Woodley and G. Meisenberg (see record 2012-24333-013); and J. D. Mayer, D. R. Caruso, A. T. Panter, and P. Salovey (see record 2012-24333-014) on the present authors' original article, "Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments" (see record 2011-30298-001). Here, the authors address the concerns raised by Rushton and by Woodley and Meisenberg, and conclude by agreeing with Mayer et al's claim that many types of abilities can be thought of as intelligence of a kind. They note, however, that it has proved hard to show that measures of emotional intelligence or social intelligence contribute to behavior we would want to call intelligent over and above their correlation with conventional IQ tests.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Whither opportunity?: rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-5804 · Cited by 1,745 · see citing works
(2011) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 1,167 · see citing works
Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments
Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0026699 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Self-citationAre we getting smarter?: rising IQ in the twenty-first century
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-4132 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence From Standardization Samples
Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationThe use and abuse of human figure drawings.
Motta, R. W., Little, S. G., & Tobin, M. I. (1993) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/h0088273 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON AFRICAN PERFORMANCE ON A GROUP OF INTELLECTUAL TESTS
McFie, J. (1961) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1961.tb01712.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Skuy, M., Gewer, A., Osrin, Y., Khunou, D., Fridjhon, P., & Rushton, J. P. (2002) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00085-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The Flynn Effect in the Caribbean: Generational Change of Cognitive Test Performance in Dominica
Meisenberg, G., Lawless, E., Lambert, E., & Newton, A. (2005) · Mankind Quarterly · doi:10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Totality of Available Evidence Shows the Race IQ Gap Still Remains
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01803.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Group differences in the heritability of items and test scores
Wicherts, J. M., & Johnson, W. (2009) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0238 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The growing significance of hot intelligences.
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., Panter, A. T., & Salovey, P. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0029456 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Intelligence and Education: The Sudan Case
Batterjee, A. A., & Ashria, I. H. (2015) · Mankind Quarterly · doi:10.46469/mq.2015.56.2.3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
No narrowing in mean Black–White IQ differences—Predicted by heritable g.
Rushton, J. P. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0029614 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ability differentials between nations are unlikely to disappear.
Menie, M. A. W. O., & Meisenberg, G. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0029650 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biogeographic Ancestry, Cognitive Ability and Socioeconomic Outcomes
Kirkegaard, E., Woodley of Menie, M., Williams, R., Fuerst, J., & Meisenberg, G. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010001 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
IQ Modulates Coupling Between Diverse Dimensions of Psychopathology in Children and Adolescents
Mahony, B. W., Tu, D., Rau, S., Liu, S., Lalonde, F. M., Alexander-Bloch, A. F., Satterthwaite, T. D., Shinohara, R. T., Bassett, D. S., Milham, M. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.06.015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Warne, R. T. (2021) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.4.0479 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., & Turkheimer, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- New York University (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Claremont McKenna College (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 503-504
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W2049690409
- Semantic Scholar
- b85d4aded53c239989ff07ea5e038ce216acbad5
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotional Intelligence and Performance
- Keywords
- intelligence, heritability of intelligence, emotional intelligence, social intelligence, intelligence testing
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Gene-Environment Interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
