Further insights on the French WISC–IV factor structure through Bayesian structural equation modeling.
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The interpretation of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) is based on a 4-factor model, which is only partially compatible with the mainstream Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence measurement. The structure of cognitive batteries is frequently analyzed via exploratory factor analysis and/or confirmatory factor analysis. With classical confirmatory factor analysis, almost all cross-loadings between latent variables and measures are fixed to zero in order to allow the model to be identified. However, inappropriate zero cross-loadings can contribute to poor model fit, distorted factors, and biased factor correlations; most important, they do not necessarily faithfully reflect theory. To deal with these methodological and theoretical limitations, we used a new statistical approach, Bayesian structural equation modeling (BSEM), among a sample of 249 French-speaking Swiss children (8-12 years). With BSEM, zero-fixed cross-loadings between latent variables and measures are replaced by approximate zeros, based on informative, small-variance priors. Results indicated that a direct hierarchical CHC-based model with 5 factors plus a general intelligence factor better represented the structure of the WISC-IV than did the 4-factor structure and the higher order models. Because a direct hierarchical CHC model was more adequate, it was concluded that the general factor should be considered as a breadth rather than a superordinate factor. Because it was possible for us to estimate the influence of each of the latent variables on the 15 subtest scores, BSEM allowed improvement of the understanding of the structure of intelligence tests and the clinical interpretation of the subtest scores.
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The CHC based five-factor oblique model and a higher order structure of this model have been supported when all 15 WISC-IV subtests were examined.
“The CHC based five-factor oblique model and a higher order structure of this model have also been supported when all 15 (core and supplementary) WISC-IV subtests were examined (Keith et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2009; Golay et al., 2013).”
From Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition in a Group of Children with ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Golay et al., 2013
The BSEM tested models section (page unavailable) specifies a CHC-based five-factor model using all 15 listed WISC-IV subtests. The Results report improved fit for that model when cross-loadings were allowed and refer to the five factors’ loadings on a general factor. Our copy does not establish that a separate CHC five-factor oblique model and its higher-order counterpart were both supported; its explicitly paired oblique and higher-order models are four-factor WISC-IV models. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor all 15 subtests, support has been reported for the CHC/five-factor model and CHC/higher order factor model.
“For all 15 subtests, support has also been reported for the CHC/five-factor model and CHC/ higher order factor model (Chen et al., 2009; Keith et al., 2006; Golay et al., 2013).”
From Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition in a Group of Children with ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Golay et al., 2013
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Ripani, G., & Zdzinski, S. F. (2024) · Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education · doi:10.5406/21627223.241.03 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Les tests BV9 et B53 peuvent-ils prédire la réussite scolaire ?
Aubry, A., & Bourdin, B. (2016) · L’Orientation scolaire et professionnelle · doi:10.4000/osp.5070 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Análise da Estrutura Interna da Bateria de Avaliação Intelectual de Jovens e Adultos
Wechsler, S. M., Machado, W. D. L., Ribeiro, R. K. S. M., de Souza, A. F., Schneider, P., Goetz, E. R., Costa, W., & Costa, C. I. G. (2019) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-82712019240414 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children data
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Examining the psychometric properties of the WISC-IV in low and normal IQ samples
Çelik, S., Ada, F. E., & Boz, E. S. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03927-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Can Bayesian Confirmatory Factor Analyses Help Recover the Hierarchical Structure of Coping?Preprint
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Wolff, L., Till, H., & Watt, B. D. (2025) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/07342829251313575
- Authors
- Golay, P., Reverte, I., Rossier, J., Favez, N., & Lecerf, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 496-508
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2125514837
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 12.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Swiss National Science Foundation (100014-118248)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- WISC-IV, factor structure, Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory, general intelligence factor, cross-loadings, Bayesian structural equation modeling, cognitive ability, children, subtest scores, French-speaking children
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, Child, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Switzerland, Wechsler Scales
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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