Press CRTT to measure aggressive behavior: The unstandardized use of the competitive reaction time task in aggression research.
Open accessAbstract
The competitive reaction time task (CRTT) is the measure of aggressive behavior most commonly used in laboratory research. However, the test has been criticized for issues in standardization because there are many different test procedures and at least 13 variants to calculate a score for aggressive behavior. We compared the different published analyses of the CRTT using data from 3 different studies to scrutinize whether it would yield the same results. The comparisons revealed large differences in significance levels and effect sizes between analysis procedures, suggesting that the unstandardized use and analysis of the CRTT have substantial impacts on the results obtained, as well as their interpretations. Based on the outcome of our comparisons, we provide suggestions on how to address some of the issues associated with the CRTT, as well as a guideline for researchers studying aggressive behavior in the laboratory.
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There is a high level of methodological flexibility in the ways that aggression outcomes and violent gaming are assessed in the literature.
“our review of the literature made it clear that there is a high level of methodological flexibility in the ways that aggression outcomes and violent gaming are assessed [46,75]”
From Violent video game engagement is not associated with adolescents' aggressive behaviour: evidence from a registered report (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
The Standardization section describes inconsistent CRTT procedures and analyses for measuring aggression, and the Convergence of the different scores section shows that different aggression scores can yield substantially different results. The paper's Study 1 and Study 2 sections use different violent-game conditions, but the cited passages do not establish a high level of flexibility in how violent gaming itself is assessed across the literature. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Laboratory aggression and personality traits: A meta-analytic reviewPreprint
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When numbers fail: do researchers agree on operationalization of published research?
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The problem of false positives and false negatives in violent video game experiments
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Violent Video Games Do Contribute to Aggression
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An empirically based power primer for laboratory aggression research
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Emotion Recognition and Inhibitory Control in Adolescent Players of Violent Video Games
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Personality and frustration predict aggression and anger following violent media
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Validating a Standardized Approach to the Taylor Aggression ParadigmPreprint
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Lifetime Acts of Violence Assessment (LAVA) predictors of laboratory aggression
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Psychological Science's Aversion to the Null, and Why Many of the Things You Think Are True, Aren't
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Efeito dos jogos digitais no comportamento: análise do General Learning Model
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Is the Link Between Games and Aggression More About the Player, Less About the Game?
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Meta-AnalysesPreprint
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Correcting for outcome reporting bias in a meta-analysis: A meta-regression approach
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Violent Video Games, Mass Shootings, and the Supreme Court
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Both partners’ negative emotion drives aggression during couples’ conflict
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Strengths and Weaknesses of Meta-Analyses
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Characterizing the role of impulsivity in costly, reactive aggression using a novel paradigm
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Can Judgments of Threat Reflect an Approaching Person’s Trait Aggression?
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Predicting video game play from perceived family environment among university students
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With a rebel yell: Video gamers’ responses to mass shooting moral panics
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Video Games During the Time of the Plague
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A way forward for video game violence research.
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- Authors
- Elson, M., Mohseni, M. R., Breuer, J., Scharkow, M., & Quandt, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Osnabrück University (DE)
- University of Hohenheim (DE)
- Venue
- Psychological Assessment
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 419-432
- ISSN
- 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-134X
- OpenAlex
- W2017626898
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 19.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ssoar.info
- Locations
- Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sponsor name not included (240864 (SOFOGA))
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- competitive reaction time task, aggression, aggression measurement, test standardization, effect size, significance level
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aggression, Competitive Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Reaction Time, Social Behavior, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult
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