Intelligent tutoring systems and learning outcomes: A meta-analysis

Ma, Wenting, Adesope, Olusola O., Nesbit, John C., Liu, Qing·2014·Journal of Educational Psychology
DOI 10.1037/a0037123

Cited by (840)

Items 101–200 of 840

  1. AI and Machine Learning Techniques in the Development of Intelligent Tutoring System: A Review
    Fatema Alshaikh, Nabil M. Hewahi · 2021 · International Conference on Innovation and Intelligence for Informatics, Computing, and Technologies (3ICT)
  2. Educational Data Mining to Support Programming Learning Using Problem-Solving Data
    Md. Mostafizer Rahman, Yutaka Watanobe, Taku Matsumoto, Rage Uday Kiran, Keita Nakamura · 2022 · IEEE Access
  3. The End is the Beginning is the End: The closed-loop learning analytics framework
    Michael Sailer, Manuel Ninaus, Stefan Ernest Huber, Elisabeth Bauer, Samuel Greiff · 2024 · Computers in Human Behavior
  4. Computer-Based Scaffolding Targeting Individual Versus Groups in Problem-Centered Instruction for STEM Education: Meta-analysis
    Nam Ju Kim, Brian R. Belland, Mason Lefler, Lindi Andreasen, Andrew E. Walker, Daryl B. Axelrod · 2019 · Educational Psychology Review
  5. The impact of GenAI on learning outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies
    Han, Xiaoli, Peng, Hongchao, Liu, Mingzhuo · 2025 · Educational Research Review
  6. Lehren und Lernen mit digitalen Medien
    Karsten Stegmann, Christof Wecker, Heinz Mandl, Frank Fischer · 2018 · Springer eBooks
  7. Stichwort – Formatives Assessment
    Birgit Schütze, Elmar Souvignier, Marcus Hasselhorn · 2018 · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft
  8. Exploring the impact of personalized and adaptive learning technologies on reading literacy: A global meta-analysis
    Ghaida S. Alrawashdeh, Shea Fyffe, Renato F. L. Azevedo, Nathan M. Castillo · 2023 · Educational Research Review
  9. Personalized learning in iSTART: Past modifications and future design
    Kathryn S. McCarthy, Micah Watanabe, Jianmin Dai, Danielle S. McNamara · 2020 · Journal of Research on Technology in Education
  10. Opportunities and challenges of using generative AI to personalize educational assessment
    Arslan, Burcu, Lehman, Blair, Tenison, Caitlin, Sparks, Jesse R., López, Alexis A., Gu, Lin, Zapata-Rivera, Diego · 2024 · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
  11. Innovative Learning Environments in STEM Higher Education
    Jungwoo Ryoo, Kurt Winkelmann · 2021 · SpringerBriefs in statistics
  12. The Role of AI Implementation in Higher Education in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study from Slovenia
    Vesna Ferk Savec, Sanja Jedrinović · 2024 · Sustainability
  13. An Interview Reflection on “Intelligent Tutoring Goes to School in the Big City”
    Kenneth R. Koedinger, Vincent Aleven · 2015 · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
  14. A Qualitative Analysis of Implementing E-Learning during the COVID-19 Lockdown
    Carlos Peñarrubia Lozano, Manuel Segura Bergés, Manuel Lizalde Gil, Juan Carlos Bustamante · 2021 · Sustainability
  15. Computer-based performance feedback: Effects of error message complexity on cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational outcomes
    Livia Kuklick, Samuel Greiff, Marlit Annalena Lindner · 2023 · Computers & Education
  16. The Information Age for Education via Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: A Bibliometric and Systematic Literature Analysis
    Hassan Abuhassna · 2024 · International Journal of Information and Education Technology
  17. Educational Game and Intelligent Tutoring System
    Yanjin Long, Vincent A. W. M. M. Aleven · 2017 · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
  18. Predicting completion of massive open online course (MOOC) assignments from video viewing behavior
    David John Lemay, Tenzin Doleck · 2020 · Interactive Learning Environments
  19. Artificial Intelligence in Education: An Argument of Chat-GPT Use in Education
    Hesham Allam, Juan M. Dempere, Vishwesh Laxmikant Akre, Divya Parakash, Noman Mazher, Jinesh Ahamed · 2023 · International Conference on Information Technology Trends (ITT)
  20. Decision Tree Modeling of Wheel- Spinning and Productive Persistence in Skill Builders
    Shimin Kai, Ma. Victoria Almeda, Ryan S. Baker, Cristina Heffernan, Neil Thomas Heffernan · 2018 · Journal of Educational Data Mining
  21. Improving Teaching at Scale: Can AI Be Incorporated Into Professional Development to Create Interactive, Personalized Learning for Teachers?
    Copur-Gencturk, Yasemin, Li, Jingxian, Atabas, Sebnem · 2024 · American Educational Research Journal
  22. Toward learning progression analytics — Developing learning environments for the automated analysis of learning using evidence centered design
    Marcus Kubsch, Berrit Katharina Czinczel, Jannik Lossjew, Tobias Wyrwich, David Bednorz, Sascha Bernholt, Daniela Fiedler, Sebastian Strauß, Ulrike Creß, Hendrik Drachsler et al. · 2022 · Frontiers in Education
  23. Positive Artificial Intelligence in Education (P-AIED): A Roadmap
    Ig Ibert Bittencourt, Geiser Chalco Challco, Jário Santos, Sheyla Christine Santos Fernandes, Jesana Silva, Naricla Batista, Claudio Simón Hutz, Seiji Isotani · 2023 · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
  24. With a Little Help From My Friends
    Adam Scott Carter, Christopher David Hundhausen · 2016 · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER)
  25. Multiple Agent Designs in Conversational Intelligent Tutoring Systems
    Anne Lippert, Keith T. Shubeck, Brent Morgan, Andrew J. Hampton, Arthur C. Graesser · 2019 · Technology Knowledge and Learning
  26. The use of artificial intelligence and game‐based learning in removable partial denture design: A comparative study
    Ahmed Mahrous, David L. Botsko, Amira Elgreatly, Akimasa Tsujimoto, Fang Qian, Galen B. Schneider · 2023 · Journal of Dental Education
  27. Recent Meta-reviews and Meta–analyses of AIED Systems
    Benedict du Boulay · 2015 · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
  28. Reflections on Different Learning Analytics Indicators for Supporting Study Success
    Dirk Ifenthaler, Jane Yin-Kim Yau · 2020 · International Journal of Learning Analytics and Artificial Intelligence for Education (iJAI)
  29. Research Status, Hotspots, and Evolutionary Trends of Intelligent Education from the Perspective of Knowledge Graph
    Dingpu Shi, Jincheng Zhou, Dan Wang, Xiaopeng Wu · 2022 · Sustainability
  30. Designing PairBuddy—A Conversational Agent for Pair Programming
    Peter Robe, Sandeep Kaur Kuttal · 2022 · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction
  31. The application of artificial intelligence technology in education influences Chinese adolescent’s emotional perception
    Tinghong Lai, Xianqin Zeng, Bin Xu, Chuyin Xie, Yanxiu Liu, Zheng Wang, Hong Lu, Shimin Fu · 2023 · Current Psychology
  32. How to provide automated feedback on the writing process? A participatory approach to design writing analytics tools
    Rianne Conijn, Roberto Martínez‐Maldonado, Simon Knight, Simon Buckingham Shum, Luuk Van Waes, Menno M. van Zaanen · 2020 · Computer Assisted Language Learning
  33. Facilitating Adolescent Well-Being: A Review of the Challenges and Opportunities and the Beneficial Roles of Parents, Schools, Neighborhoods, and Policymakers
    Cornelia Pechmann, Jesse R. Catlin, Yu Zheng · 2019 · Journal of Consumer Psychology
  34. Computer-based knowledge of results feedback in different delivery modes: Effects on performance, motivation, and achievement emotions
    Livia Kuklick, Marlit Annalena Lindner · 2021 · Contemporary Educational Psychology
  35. ChatGPT in Education: An Effect in Search of a Cause
    Weidlich, J., Gašević, D., Drachsler, H., Kirschner, P. · 2025 · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
  36. A Meta-Analytic Review on Embodied Pedagogical Agent Design and Testing Formats
    Robert O Davis, Taejung Park, Joseph Vincent · 2022 · Journal of Educational Computing Research
  37. Intelligent Tutoring System as an Instructional Technology in Learning Basic Nutrition Concepts
    Manuel B. Garcia, Precious S. Garcia · 2023 · Advances in medical education, research, and ethics (AMERE) book series
  38. Stat-Knowlab. Assessment and Learning of Statistics with Competence-based Knowledge Space Theory
    Debora de Chiusole, Luca Stefanutti, Pasquale Anselmi, Egidio Robusto · 2020 · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
  39. Effectiveness of Adaptive E-Learning Environments on Knowledge, Competence, and Behavior in Health Professionals and Students: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Guillaume Fontaine, Sylvie Cossette, Marc‐André Maheu‐Cadotte, Tanya Mailhot, Marie‐France Deschênes, Gabrielle Mathieu-Dupuis · 2017 · JMIR Research Protocols
  40. Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Why Teachers Abandoned a Technology Aimed at Automating Teaching Processes
    Marie Utterberg Modén, Martin Tallvid, Johan Lundin, Berner Lindström · 2021 · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)
  41. Influence of Artificial Intelligence in Education on Adolescents’ Social Adaptability: A Machine Learning Study
    Chuyin Xie, Minhua Ruan, Ping Lin, Zheng Wang, Tinghong Lai, Ying Hao Xie, Shimin Fu, Hong Lu · 2022 · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
  42. A Meta‐Analysis of the Impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Learning Outcomes
    Nan Ma, Zhiyong Zhong · 2025 · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
  43. Artificial Intelligence as a pedagogical tool for architectural education: What does the empirical evidence tell us?
    Mohamed Sadek · 2023 · MSA Engineering Journal
  44. Adaptive learning module for a conversational agent to support MOOC learners
    Nuria González-Castro, Pedro J. Muñoz‐Merino, Carlos Alario‐Hoyos, Carlos Delgado Kloos · 2021 · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology
  45. Inteligencia artificial y su incidencia en la estrategia metodológica de aprendizaje basado en investigación
    Wilson Iván Piedra-Castro, Erika Silvana Burbano-Buñay, Jhonny Junior Tamayo-Verdezoto, Elvin Fray Moreira-Alcivar · 2024 · Journal of Economic and Social Science Research
  46. Enhancing E-Learning Experience Through Embodied AI Tutors in Immersive Virtual Environments: A Multifaceted Approach for Personalized Educational Adaptation
    Fatemeh Sarshartehrani, Elham Mohammadrezaei, Majid Behravan, Denis Gračanin · 2024 · Lecture notes in computer science
  47. Evolution of an Intelligent Deductive Logic Tutor Using Data-Driven Elements
    Behrooz Mostafavi, Tiffany M. Barnes · 2016 · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
  48. How Teachers Use Data to Help Students Learn: Contextual Inquiry for the Design of a Dashboard
    Françeska Xhakaj, Vincent Aleven, Bruce M. McLaren · 2016 · Lecture notes in computer science
  49. A Systematic Review of Literature on the Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems in STEM
    Shi Feng, Alejandra J. Magana, Dominic Kao · 2021 · IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE)
  50. Design and Evaluation of Trustworthy Knowledge Tracing Model for Intelligent Tutoring System
    Yu Lu, Deliang Wang, Penghe Chen, Zhi Zhang · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
  51. Deep Learning Based Knowledge Tracing: A Review, a Tool and Empirical Studies
    Zitao Liu, Teng Guo, Qianru Liang, Mingliang Hou, Bojun Zhan, Jiliang Tang, Weiqi Luo, Jian Weng · 2025 · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
  52. Can Technology Help Promote Equality of Educational Opportunities?
    Brian Aaron Jacob, Dan Berger, Cassandra M. D. Hart, Susanna Loeb · 2016 · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
  53. Prediction of Confusion Attempting Algebra Homework in an Intelligent Tutoring System through Machine Learning Techniques for Educational Sustainable Development
    Syed Muhammad Raza Abidi, Mushtaq Hussain, Yonglin Xu, Zhang Wu · 2018 · Sustainability
  54. GaTO: An Ontological Model to Apply Gamification in Intelligent Tutoring Systems
    Dermeval, Diego, Albuquerque, Josmário, Bittencourt, Ig Ibert, Isotani, Seiji, Silva, Alan Pedro, Vassileva, Julita · 2019 · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
  55. A Systematic Review of Domains, Techniques, Delivery Modes and Validation Methods for Intelligent Tutoring Systems
    Soofi, Aized Amin, Uddin, Moiz · 2019 · International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications
  56. An Investigative Study on the Effects of Pedagogical Agents on Intrinsic, Extraneous and Germane Cognitive Load: Experimental Findings With Dyscalculia and Non-Dyscalculia Learners
    N. J. Ahuja, Monika Thapliyal, Akanksha Bisht, Thompson Stephan, R. Kannan, Mabrook S. Al-Rakhami, M. Mahmud · 2022 · IEEE Access
  57. AI in higher education: A bibliometric analysis, synthesis, and a critique of research
    Ahmed Lachheb, Javier Leung, Victoria Abramenka‐Lachheb, Rajagopal Sankaranarayanan · 2025 · The Internet and Higher Education
  58. Designing for the co-Orchestration of Social Transitions between Individual, Small-Group and Whole-Class Learning in the Classroom
    Jennifer K. Olsen, Nikol Rummel, Vincent A. W. M. M. Aleven · 2020 · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
  59. Engagement Detection and Its Applications in Learning: A Tutorial and Selective Review
    Brandon M. Booth, Nigel Bosch, Sidney K. D’Mello · 2023 · Proceedings of the IEEE
  60. Cognitive load patterns affect temporal dynamics of self-regulated learning behaviors, metacognitive judgments, and learning achievements
    Tingting Wang, Shan Li, Chengyi Tan, Jianhua Zhang, Susanne P. Lajoie · 2023 · Computers & Education
  61. SPACLE
    Kenneth Holstein, Bruce M. McLaren, Vincent Aleven · 2017 · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK)
  62. Predicting school performance and early risk of failure from an intelligent tutoring system
    Mithun Haridas, Georg Gutjahr, Raghu Raman R, Rudraraju Ramaraju, Prema Nedungadi · 2020 · Education and Information Technologies
  63. Teaching Mathematics Integrating Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Investigating Prospective Teachers’ Concerns and TPACK
    Dongjo Shin · 2021 · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
  64. The Effect of AI ‐Based Systems on Mathematics Achievement in Rural Context: A Quantitative Study
    Rashmi Khazanchi, Daniele Di Mitri, Hendrik Drachsler · 2024 · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
  65. Overview of Current AI Technologies in Education
    Rajat B. Hubballi, P. Selvakumar, Ravikumar Seenivasan, S. Guru Basava Aradhya, Nivedh Dinesh, Pramod Kumar Seelam · 2025 · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series
  66. Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
    Norbert Annuš · 2024 · TEM Journal
  67. Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Intelligent Tutoring Systems in Education and Training: A Systematic Literature Review
    Γεώργιος Λαμπρόπουλος · 2025 · Applied Sciences
  68. Uses of Physiological Monitoring in Intelligent Learning Environments: A Review of Research, Evidence, and Technologies
    H. Chad Lane, Sidney K. D’Mello · 2018 · Educational communications and technology: issues and innovations
  69. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: An Instructor’s Exoskeleton in the Future of Education
    Stephanie E. August, Audrey Tsaima · 2021 · SpringerBriefs in statistics
  70. Exploring student and teacher perspectives on ChatGPT’s impact in higher education
    Katarı́na Žáková, Diana Urbano, Ricardo Joao Cruz-Correia, José Luís Guzmán, Jakub Matišák · 2024 · Education and Information Technologies
  71. Using Programming Process Data to Detect Differences in Students' Patterns of Programming
    Adam Scott Carter, Christopher David Hundhausen · 2017 · ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE)
  72. It is not either or: An initial investigation into combining collaborative and individual learning using an ITS
    Jennifer K. Olsen, Nikol Rummel, Vincent Aleven · 2019 · International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning
  73. Using Wearable Physiological Sensors for Affect-Aware Intelligent Tutoring Systems
    Fehaid Alqahtani, Stamos Katsigiannis, Naeem Ramzan · 2020 · IEEE Sensors Journal
  74. Fostering High-School Students’ Self-Regulated Learning Online and Across Academic Domains
    Jeffrey Alan Greene, Cheryl Mason Bolick, Alfred Michael Caprino, Victor M. Deekens, Megan McVea, Seung B. Yu, William P. Jackson · 2015 · The High School journal/The High school journal
  75. Feasibility of adaptive teaching with technology: Which implementation conditions matter?
    Leonie Sibley, Andreas Lachner, Christine Plicht, Armin Fabian, Iris Backfisch, Katharina Scheiter, Thorsten Bohl · 2024 · Computers & Education
  76. Physical embodiment and anthropomorphism of AI tutors and their role in student enjoyment and performance
    Hermann Ackermann, Anja Henke, Johann Chevalère, Hae Seon Yun, Verena V. Hafner, Niels Pinkwart C, Rebecca Lazarides · 2025 · npj Science of Learning
  77. Learning with virtual humans: Introduction to the special issue
    Noah L. Schroeder, Scotty D. Craig · 2021 · Journal of Research on Technology in Education
  78. “We Should Not Be Like a Dinosaur”—Using AI Technologies to Provide Formative Feedback to Students
    Burner, Tony, Lindvig, Yngve, Wærness, Jarl Inge · 2025 · Education Sciences
  79. Transformative Marketing Education: Drivers, Outcomes, and Research Agenda
    V. Kumar, Bharath Rajan, Vivek Garg · 2024 · Journal of Marketing Education
  80. Educators’ reflections on AI-automated feedback in higher education: a structured integrative review of potentials, pitfalls, and ethical dimensions
    Latifah Hamdan Alghamdi, Talal Musaed Alghizzi · 2025 · Frontiers in Education
  81. Affective-motivational effects of performance feedback in computer-based assessment: Does error message complexity matter?
    Livia Kuklick, Marlit Annalena Lindner · 2022 · Contemporary Educational Psychology
  82. Personalizing Online Educational Tools
    Michael Jongseon Lee, Bruce Ferwerda · 2017
  83. Digitalization of Multistep Chemistry Exercises with Automated Formative Feedback
    Carolin Eitemüller, Florian Trauten, Michael Striewe, Maik Walpuski · 2023 · Journal of Science Education and Technology
  84. Exploring teachers’ behavioural intentions to design artificial intelligence-assisted learning in Chinese K–12 education
    Kai Wang, Ching Sing Chai, Jyh‐Chong Liang, Guoyuan Sang · 2024 · Technology Pedagogy and Education
  85. Transforming Surgical Training With AI Techniques for Training, Assessment, and Evaluation: Scoping Review
    David Escobar-Castillejos, Ari Yair Barrera-Animas, Julieta Noguez, Alejandra J. Magana, Bedřich Beneš · 2025 · Journal of Medical Internet Research
  86. Development and promise of a vocabulary intelligent tutoring system for Second-Grade Latinx English learners
    Doris Luft Baker, Hao Ma, Paul Polanco, Jillian Marie Conry, Akihito Kamata, Stephanie Al Otaiba, Wayne Ward, Ron Cole · 2020 · Journal of Research on Technology in Education
  87. Learning to Reuse Distractors to Support Multiple-Choice Question Generation in Education
    Semere Kiros Bitew, Amir Hadifar, Lucas Sterckx, Johannes Deleu, Chris Develder, Thomas Demeester · 2022 · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
  88. Influence of computer-aided assessment on ways of working with mathematics
    Frode Rønning · 2017 · Teaching Mathematics and its Applications An International Journal of the IMA
  89. From Perception to Practice: Artificial Intelligence as a Pathway to Enhancing Digital Literacy in Higher Education Teaching
    Zuo, Zhili, Luo, Yilun, Yan, Shiyu, Jiang, Lisheng · 2025 · Systems
  90. A proposed methodology for investigating student-chatbot interaction patterns in giving peer feedback
    Michael Pin-Chuan Lin, Daniel Chang, Philip H. Winne · 2024 · Educational Technology Research and Development
  91. A dialogic theoretical foundation for integrating generative AI into pedagogical design
    Rupert Wegerif, Imogen Casebourne · 2025 · British Journal of Educational Technology
  92. A systematic review of intelligent and robot tutoring systems: evolution, pedagogical design, and AI-driven classification
    Ehsan Latif, Vincent Liu, Xiaoming Zhaı · 2026 · Smart Learning Environments
  93. Teaching self‐regulation strategies via an intelligent tutoring system ( TuinLECweb ): Effects for low‐skilled comprehenders
    Marian Serrano-Mendizábal, Eduardo Vidal‐Abarca, Antonio Ferrer · 2018 · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
  94. Towards Educator-Driven Tutor Authoring: Generative AI Approaches for Creating Intelligent Tutor Interfaces
    Tommaso Calò, Christopher J. MacLellan · 2024 · ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S)
  95. Effects of an adaptive computer agent-based digital game on EFL students’ English learning outcomes
    Gwo‐Jen Hwang, Di Zhang · 2024 · Educational Technology Research and Development
  96. nStudy: A System for Researching Information Problem Solving
    Philip H. Winne, John C. Nesbit, Fred P. Popowich · 2017 · Technology Knowledge and Learning
  97. Early prediction of writing quality using keystroke logging
    Rianne Conijn, Christine Linda Cook, Menno M. van Zaanen, Luuk Van Waes · 2021 · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
  98. Intelligent Learning Environments: Design, Usage and Analytics for Future Schools
    Manolis Mavrikis, W. Holmes · 2019 · Perspectives on rethinking and reforming education
  99. Recommender in AI-enhanced Learning: An Assessment from the Perspective of Instructional Design
    Michael Kerres, Katja Buntins · 2020 · Open Education Studies
  100. Open Learner Models Working in Symbiosis With Self-Regulating Learners: A Research Agenda
    Philip H. Winne · 2020 · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education