The DOI matches its Crossref record; 184 of the 184 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Is low positive emotionality a specific risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Open accessAbstract
Depression is well known to share a negative cross-sectional relationship with personality constructs defined by positive emotion (positive affect, extraversion, behavioral activation). These Positive Emotionality (PE) constructs have been proposed to represent stable temperamental risk factors for depression, not merely current mood state. These constructs have also been proposed to increase risk specifically for depression, relative to anxiety. We performed a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to examine the relationship of PE to depression (59 effect sizes) and anxiety (26 effect sizes). In cross-sectional analyses, PE constructs were negatively associated with depression (r = -.34) and anxiety (r = -.24). PE constructs also prospectively predicted depression (r = -.26) and anxiety (r = -.19). These relationships remained statistically significant, but were markedly attenuated, when baseline levels of depression (β = -.08) and anxiety (β = -.06) were controlled. Moreover, depression and anxiety were equally strong predictors of subsequent changes in PE (β = -.07 and -.09, respectively). These findings are consistent with theoretical accounts of low PE as a temperamental vulnerability for depression, but suggest that the prospective relationship of PE to depression may be weaker and less specific than previously assumed. (PsycINFO Database Record
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Deficits in positive affect are predictive and characteristic of certain anxiety disorders (Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016; Kotov, Gamez, Schmidt, & Watson, 2010), as well as depression (e.g., Mineka, Watson, & Clark, 1998).”
From Examining Positive and Negative Affect as Outcomes and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are paralleled with results harnessing longitudinal datasets, experimental designs, and structural equation modelling methods (Brown, Chorpita, & Barlow, 1998; Kashdan, Weeks, & Savostyanova, 2011; Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016; Sewart et al., 2019).”
From Examining Positive and Negative Affect as Outcomes and Moderators of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder. (2019) · cites this paper as Khazanov & Ruscio, 2016
In the citing paper
“In contrast, meta-analytic data indicate that positive emotionality (e.g., positive affect, extraversion, and behavioral activation) decreases risk for depression16.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta‐analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1186 · Cited by 36,763
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81 · Cited by 6,404
What good are positive emotions?
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300 · Cited by 6,066
Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.3.316 · Cited by 4,601
Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 · Cited by 3,947
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3 · Cited by 3,241
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Beran TM 2009 Personality and coping strategies as predictors of adjustment to choroidal melanoma Doctoral dissertation University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA ProQuest Information & Learning database
- Bornstein JE 2003 Personality, coping, and adaptation in maternal caregivers of children with chronic illness Doctoral dissertation Pacific Graduate School of Psychology Palo Alto, CA ProQuest Information & Learning database
- Christie KM 2011 Partners of breast cancer survivors: Research participation and understanding of survivors’ concerns Doctoral dissertation University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA ProQuest Information & Learning database
- Dill EJ 2005 An extensive validation of a comprehensive multidimensional measure of internalizing symptoms in adolescents (the I FEEL questionnaire) and an integrated action-control model of depression Doctoral dissertation University of Kansas Lawrence, KS ProQuest Information & Learning, database
- Finkel SE 1995 Causal analysis with panel data Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications
- Fox JK Prospective effects of temperamental reactivity, emotion dysregulation, and stress on risk for anxiety and depression in elementary school-age children Doctoral dissertation State University of New York Albany, NY ProQuest Information & Learning database
- Hedges LV Olkin I 1985 Statistical method for meta-analysis Orlando, FL Academic Press
- Lipsey MW Wilson DB 2001 Practical meta-analysis 49 Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications
- Prenoveau JM 2009 Stability of and structural relations among anxiety, depression, neuroticism, and extraversion during adolescence: Results from a 3-year longitudinal latent variable study Doctoral dissertation University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA ProQuest Information & Learning database
- Reddy MK 2010 Coping as a mediator in the prospective relationship between personality and PTSD symptoms in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) combat veterans Doctoral dissertation Northern Illinois University DeKalb, IL ProQuest Information & Learning database
- Spielberger CD 1989 State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography 2nd Palo Alto, CA Consulting Psychologists Press
- Workshop Proceedings 2011 6 NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project Positive Valence Systems Domain workshop Rockville, Maryland
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–241 of 241
Continuing the Journey After Treatment
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0008
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0004
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.005.0002
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.002.0004
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0006
Introductory Information for Therapists
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0001
Behavioral Science and Neuroscience Identify Targets for Treatment of Anhedonia
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0002
General Treatment Format and Guiding Therapy Principles
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0003
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.002.0007
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.003.0007
Grillo, L. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.2478/sjcapp-2022-0011
Pegg, S. L., Green, H. E., Kesselring, I., Burkhouse, K. L., & Kujawa, A. (2023) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-24926-6_48
Craske, M. G., Dour, H. J., Treanor, M., & Meuret, A. E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780197548523.005.0003
The Middle School Blues: Temporal Directionality Between Teaching Behavior and Students’ Affect
Pössel, P., & Burton, S. M. (2024) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-024-09829-1
Barba, R. J., Espinosa, R., Marín, M., Sión, A., & Rubio, G. (2024) · Revista Española de Drogodependencias · doi:10.54108/10076
Barba, R. J., Espinosa, R., Marín, M., Sión, A., & Rubio, G. (2024) · Revista Española de Drogodependencias · doi:10.54108/10077
Hannibal, S., Behrendt, D., Wessa, M., Schäfer, S. K., Dalkner, N., & Lehr, D. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.78335
Politte‐Corn, M., Brooker, R. J., Goldsmith, H. H., & Buss, K. A. (2025) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.70056
Bertin, J. A., Soyeju, K. A., & Saunders, B. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Social Psychology · doi:10.3389/frsps.2025.1525321 · Cited by 1
Gogola, A. M., & Gnat, R. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13151895
Zhou, S., Qin, K., Gu, Q., Zhang, R., Wang, L., Luo, J., Yu, J., & Gu, C. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03226-6
Stoia, M., Oltean, L.-E., & SZENTÁGOTAI-TĂTAR, A. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2025.2.13
Chen, Y., Sun, J. J., & Yu, H. (2026) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/03057240.2025.2601646
Takamatsu, R. (2025) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-025-00340-x · Cited by 1
Gad, D. S., Wells, J. L., & Monin, J. K. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2649543
Bean, C. A. L., Granros, M., Moon, G., Argiros, A. P., Dao, A., Cárdenas, E. F., Dickey, L., Feurer, C., Hill, K. E., Pegg, S., et al. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10740-3
Dimensional Models of Temperament and Psychopathology
Gabel, L. N., Green, H. E., Olino, T. M., & Hayden, E. P. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197769676.003.0010
Work Experiences and Self-Esteem Development: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal StudiesPreprint
Orth, U., & Krauss, S. (2021) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Die Bedeutung von Resilienz in NPOs: Chancen und Herausforderungen für die Zukunft
Schober, D. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-51066-4_3
A Re-Examination of the Structure of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales for Youth (DASS-Y)
Jovanović, V. (2026) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000950
What It Takes to Foster Well‐Being in Organizations: A Comment to König et al.
Sonnentag, S., & Fay, D. (2026) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.70069
Rodrigues, F. L. N., Martín, S. C., & Pocinho, R. F. D. S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6997741
Anticipate, experience, strengthen: a network analysis of daily life positive affect dynamics
Pacheco-Romero, A. M., Hoorelbeke, K., Vázquez, C., & Sánchez-López, Á. (2026) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-026-10259-w
Negative interpretation bias and emotional responses to positive contexts
Gawlik, E. A., & Coifman, K. G. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353912
Goodman, S. H., Garber, J., Cheong, Y. F., & Cullum, K. A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10630064/v1
Goemaere, H., Braet, J., Verbeken, S., Claes, L., & Braet, C. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01501-7
Heimann, A. L., & Ingold, P. V. (2026) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.70079
Personality traits and anxiety: An individual participant meta-analysis of ten studies
Stéphan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Luchetti, M., Karaköse, S., & Terracciano, A. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117518
Lin, J., Dai, Z., Feng, S., Song, R., Jiang, X., Xu, H., Zhao, Z., Lv, H., & Jia, H. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71836
Pham, S. N., Le, M., Majusiak, C., & Breaux, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2026.1847792
Metadata
- Authors
- Khazanov, G. K., & Ruscio, A. M.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 991-1015
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- PMC
- PMC5110375
- OpenAlex
- W2473686504
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH094425)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- positive affectivity, depression, anxiety, positive affect, extraversion, behavioral activation, prospective prediction
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Emotions, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Personality, Risk Factors, Temperament
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
