PERSONALITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANT META-ANALYSIS OF 10 COHORT STUDIES: Research Article: Personality and Depression
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BACKGROUND: Personality is suggested to be a major risk factor for depression but large-scale individual participant meta-analyses on this topic are lacking. METHOD: Data from 10 prospective community cohort studies with 117,899 participants (mean age 49.0 years; 54.7% women) were pooled for individual participant meta-analysis to determine the association between personality traits of the five-factor model and risk of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: In cross-sectional analysis, low extraversion (pooled standardized regression coefficient (B) = -.08; 95% confidence interval = -0.11, -0.04), high neuroticism (B = .39; 0.32, 0.45), and low conscientiousness (B = -.09; -0.10, -0.06) were associated with depressive symptoms. Similar associations were observed in longitudinal analyses adjusted for baseline depressive symptoms (n = 56,735; mean follow-up of 5.0 years): low extraversion (B = -.03; -0.05, -0.01), high neuroticism (B = .12; 0.10, 0.13), and low conscientiousness (B = -.04; -0.06, -0.02) were associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms at follow-up. In turn, depressive symptoms were associated with personality change in extraversion (B = -.07; 95% CI = -0.12, -0.02), neuroticism (B = .23; 0.09, 0.36), agreeableness (B = -.09; -0.15, -0.04), conscientiousness (B = -.14; -0.21, -0.07), and openness to experience (B = -.04; -0.08, 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: Personality traits are prospectively associated with the development of depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms, in turn, are associated with changes in personality that may be temporary or persistent.
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Low extraversion, high neuroticism, and low conscientiousness predicted depressive symptoms 5 years later.
“A recent meta-analysis controlling for baseline depressive symptoms found that low extraversion, high neuroticism, and low conscientiousness predicted depressive symptoms 5 years later32.”
From Psychobiological factors of resilience and depression in late life (2019) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Hakulinen, C., Elovainio, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., Virtanen, M., Kivimäki, M., & Jokela, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FI)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health; University College London; London United Kingdom
- Corresponding author
- Hakulinen, Christian
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-05-26
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 461-470
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4605994
- OpenAlex
- W1904590428
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (K013351)
- Economic and Social Research Council
- National Institutes of Health (R01HL036310, R01AG034454)
- Suomen Akatemia (258598, 265174)
- Juho Vainion Säätiö
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- personality traits, depressive symptoms, Big Five personality traits, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, openness to experience, personality change, risk factors for depression, prospective cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies
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