The DOI matches its Crossref record; 234 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 66 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Video game training does not enhance cognitive ability: A comprehensive meta-analytic investigation
Open accessAbstract
As a result of considerable potential scientific and societal implications, the possibility of enhancing cognitive ability by training has been one of the most influential topics of cognitive psychology in the last two decades. However, substantial research into the psychology of expertise and a recent series of meta-analytic reviews have suggested that various types of cognitive training (e.g., working memory training) benefit performance only in the trained tasks. The lack of skill generalization from one domain to different ones-that is, far transfer-has been documented in various fields of research such as working memory training, music, brain training, and chess. Video game training is another activity that has been claimed by many researchers to foster a broad range of cognitive abilities such as visual processing, attention, spatial ability, and cognitive control. We tested these claims with three random-effects meta-analytic models. The first meta-analysis (k = 310) examined the correlation between video game skill and cognitive ability. The second meta-analysis (k = 315) dealt with the differences between video game players and nonplayers in cognitive ability. The third meta-analysis (k = 359) investigated the effects of video game training on participants' cognitive ability. Small or null overall effect sizes were found in all three models. These outcomes show that overall cognitive ability and video game skill are only weakly related. Importantly, we found no evidence of a causal relationship between playing video games and enhanced cognitive ability. Video game training thus represents no exception to the general difficulty of obtaining far transfer. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Across three random-effects meta-analyses, video game skill, player status, and video game training showed only weak or null associations with cognitive ability. The authors conclude there is no evidence of a causal relationship between playing video games and enhanced cognitive ability, and that video game training is no exception to the difficulty of far transfer.
Key findings
- Meta-analysis 1 (correlational, k = 310): overall correlation between video game skill and cognitive ability was r̄ = .07, 95% CI [.05; .09], p < .001; trim-and-fill estimate was r̄ = .05. Skill measured by scores correlated r̄ = .16, whereas skill measured by hours of play correlated r̄ = .03; spatial ability showed the only notable small correlation (r̄ = .18 in the main outcome table; range .09–.30 across models).
- Meta-analysis 2 (players vs. nonplayers, k = 315): overall effect was ḡ = 0.33, 95% CI [0.28; 0.39], p < .001; trim-and-fill estimate was ḡ = 0.18. RT-related measures showed ḡ = 0.46, while accuracy-related measures showed ḡ = 0.05; the authors state this advantage is substantially smaller than in Powers et al. (2013).
- Meta-analysis 3 (training experiments, k = 359): overall training effect was ḡ = 0.07, 95% CI [0.02; 0.12], p = .004; trim-and-fill estimate was ḡ = −0.01. Action vs. non-action training was ḡ = 0.10, p = .068; action vs. non-video-game control was ḡ = −0.12, p = .072; non-action vs. non-video-game control was ḡ = 0.13, p < .001; Tetris-like games was ḡ = 0.07, p = .160.
- The paper reports no evidence of a causal relationship between playing video games and enhanced cognitive ability; publication bias analyses generally lowered estimates, and duration of training was not a significant moderator.
Methods
- Three random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. The search covered ERIC, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, JSTOR, Science Direct, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses through December 31, 2016; 135 researchers were emailed, 42 replied, and 25 provided unpublished data.
- Meta-analysis 1 included 66 studies, 8,141 participants, and 310 effect sizes on correlations between video game skill and cognitive ability. Meta-analysis 2 included 98 studies, 6,166 participants, and 315 effect sizes comparing players and nonplayers. Meta-analysis 3 included 63 studies, 3,286 participants, and 359 effect sizes on video game training effects.
- Effect sizes were categorized into five outcome measures: visual attention/processing, spatial ability, cognitive control, memory, and intelligence/reasoning. Analyses included random-effects models, moderator meta-regressions, trim-and-fill, Vevea-Woods selection models, PET-PEESE, influential-case analysis, robust variance estimation, and RT/accuracy sensitivity analyses.
Limitations
- The paper states that correlational and quasi-experimental designs cannot establish causality; absence of correlation or between-group differences does not necessarily imply no causation. It also notes possible publication bias and a modest response rate to unpublished-data requests (25 of 135), and that some sub-models had few effect sizes (e.g., k = 8, k = 14, k = 15) and no clinical population was included.
- The paper states that active vs. passive control group was not used as a moderator, partially dependent samples were treated as independent, and missing values in the moderator model were about 5%.
- Evident from the text: several sub-model estimates rely on very small k or high heterogeneity (e.g., older adults’ intelligence/reasoning ḡ = −0.63, k = 15, I² = 63.45), making those specific estimates unreliable; the supplied text also truncates some tables and confidence intervals, limiting verification of some sub-model values.
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116 Own result · 71 Own interpretation · 47 Not checked yet · 12 Own method · 5 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Small or null overall effect sizes were found in all three models.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meta-analytic investigation indicates that playing video games has negligible effects on cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Public Significance Statements
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These outcomes show that overall cognitive ability and video game skill are only weakly related.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .07,95% CI [.04; .10],k = 144, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since the response rate to our e-mails requesting for unpublished data was modest (25 positive responses out of 135 requests)”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Publication Bias Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .16,95% CI [.12; .20],k = 154, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Skill measure.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding RTs, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .09,95% CI [.03; .15],k = 42, p = .004.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall correlation was 𝑟̅ = .07,95% CI [.05; .09],k = 310, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .04,95% CI [.01; .08],k = 97, p = .024.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .11,95% CI [.06; .16],k = 69, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the presence of some true heterogeneity in the main model, we ran a meta-regression model including all the three moderators, Q(7) = 58.68,k = 310, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑟̅ = .03,𝑟̅ = .01,𝑟̅ = .04,and 𝑟̅ = .04for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, the estimates provided by the publication bias analyses were systematically smaller than the unadjusted values.This pattern of results was particularly evident in the visual attention/processing-and memory-related measures.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03; 0.17], k = 72, p = .160.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the publication bias analysis calculated a reduced estimate for many of the largest overall effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The influential cases analysis did not substantially modify the overall effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.21, 95% CI [0.06; 0.36], k = 28, p = .007.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Age.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the overall correlations between video game skill and visual attention/processing measures are all smaller than .10.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.40, 95% CI [0.33; 0.47], k = 199, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
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In the paper
“Type of video game was the only significant moderator, p = .008.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding accuracy-related measures, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.03,95% CI [-0.18; 0.11], k = 44, p = .656.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding accuracy-related measures, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .05,95% CI [-.03; .13],k = 42, p = .246.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This superiority occurred regardless of the type of game considered.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.13, 95% CI [0.07; 0.18], k = 160, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the random-effects metaanalytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.10, 95% CI [0.05; 0.15], k = 239, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Age.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the model comprising all the effect sizes, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.33, 95% CI [0.28; 0.39], k = 315, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = 0.24, 𝑔̅ = 0.17, 𝑔̅ = 0.27, and 𝑔̅ = 0.23 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
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In the paper
“Similarly, none of the correlations regarding the measures cognitive control, memory, or intelligence/reasoning were greater than .16.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Regarding the publication bias analysis, most of the corrected estimates were only slightly smaller (or, in a few cases, greater) than the random-effects overall correlations.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, the overall correlation was higher when video game skill was measured with scores rather than hours (𝑟̅ = .16and 𝑟̅ = .03,respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nonetheless, the size of the effects is substantially smaller than the ones reported in Powers et al. (2013).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Powers et al. (2013)
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding RTs, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.46, 95% CI”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.07, 95% CI [0.02; 0.12], k = 359, p = .004.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We ran a meta-regression model including the two moderators, Q(6) = 13.72,k = 315, p = .033.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In support of this hypothesis, the correlation between spatial ability and video game skill was stronger when one specific genre of video games was considered (i.e., action video games; Table 4).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.23, 95% CI”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the RVE analyses provided similar overall effect sizes in all the meta-analytic models”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“when considering only those studies meeting those criteria, the overall effect size was very similar to the one of the action video game model (𝑔̅ = 0.42 and 𝑔̅ = 0.40, respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green and Bavelier's (2007)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main model showed a near-zero effect of video-game training on overall cognitive ability (𝑔̅ = 0.07).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trim-and-fill analysis filled 73 studies left of the mean.The estimated effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.18, 95% CI [0.12; 0.24].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of these corrected overall effect sizes remained significant or marginally significant.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.10, 95% CI [-0.01; 0.20], k = 96, p = .068.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.33, 95% CI [0.11; 0.55], k = 14, p = .003.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results showed null or small effect sizes in all the measures.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In those few cases reporting slightly greater effect sizes, the estimates of publication bias analysis were significantly smaller”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, duration of training was not a significant moderator.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our comprehensive meta-analytic investigation showed that the relationship between cognitive ability and playing video games is weak.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same pattern of results occurred in nearly every sub-model, regardless of the type of gameneither action nor non-action video game training exerted any substantial effect on the participants' cognitive abilityand the age of the participants.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the homologous RVE analysis provided a non-significant result for this model (𝑔̅ = -0.35,p = .302;Table S16).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, this effect was found to be a slight overestimation by the publication bias analyses.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there seem to be a reliable, yet small, correlation between video game skill and spatial ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The findings of the present meta-analytic investigation differed significantly from the more positive results of previous meta-analyses (e.g., Powers et al., 2013;Toril et al., 2014;Wang et al., 2016).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Powers et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Toril et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“action video game players appear to outperform non-players in tasks related to visual attention/processing.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“video game players show a better performance in RT-related measures than non-players.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant exception to the lack of effect of video-game training was the negative effect of video game training on intelligence/reasoning-related measures in the sample of older adults (𝑔̅ = -0.63).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding accuracy-related measures, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.05, 95% CI [-0.06; 0.17], k = 71, p = .368.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = 0.06, 𝑔̅ = -0.05,𝑔̅ = 0.12, and 𝑔̅ = 0.10 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = 0.15, 𝑔̅ = 0.07, 𝑔̅ = 0.17, and 𝑔̅ = 0.14 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size without this effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.07, 95% CI [-0.03; 0.18], k = 70, p = .182,I 2 = 38.36.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size without this effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.22, 95% CI [0.14; 0.30], k = 101, p < .001,I 2 = 29.87.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = 0.03, 𝑔̅ = -0.07,𝑔̅ = 0.09, and 𝑔̅ = 0.07 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The second meta-analysis reported that video game players' overall advantage over non-players was modest.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the third meta-analysis found no meaningful effect of video game training on any of the reviewed outcome measures.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one influential effect size was detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Small or null correlations were obtained in the first meta-analysis.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, we found no evidence of a causal relationship between playing video games and enhanced cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Crucially, several experimental studies (e.g., Bejjanki et al., 2014;Green & Bavelier 2003) have provided some evidence of a causal relationship between action video game training and improvement in cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Case of Video Game Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bejjanki et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Green & Bavelier 2003
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absence of an active control group suggests that the moderate effects of chess training are mostly due to non-specific elements such as placebo effects.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These outcomes suggest that while WM training is effective at improving performance in similar tasks, the far-transfer effects of this type of training are limited to placebo effects.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, there does not seem to be any causal relationship between engagement in music activities and superior cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mosing, Madison, Pedersen, and Ullén (2016)
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2017c
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The second meta-analysis, focusing on true experiments, found positive, yet slightly smaller, effects of video game training on the same measures.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Powers, Brooks, Aldrich, Palladino, and Alfieri (2013)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite the initial promising results, a series of meta-analyses have provided strong evidence against the hypothesis that WM training enhances fluid intelligence, overall cognitive ability, or academic achievement (Dougherty, Hamovits, & Tidwell, 2016;Melby-Lervåg, Redick, & Hulme, 2016;Sala & Gobet, 2017b).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dougherty, Hamovits, & Tidwell, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Melby-Lervåg, Redick, & Hulme, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2017b
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The only exception to this pattern of results was the robust effect of the training on other measures of WM capacity such as span tasks (i.e., near transfer).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dougherty, Hamovits, & Tidwell, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Melby-Lervåg, Redick, & Hulme, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2017b
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding thus appears to generalize across several domains of cognitive training (e.g., WM, chess, music, and brain-training).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of skill generalization from one domain to different onesthat is, far transferhas been documented in various fields of research such as working memory training, music, brain training, and chess.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meta-analytic investigation adds further evidence against the alleged broad benefits of cognitive training.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Public Significance Statements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The research in the field has, however, failed to consistently replicate the above mentioned positive results that show significant improvements in cognitive tasks following video game training (e.g., Basak et al., 2008;Bejjanki et al., 2014;Goldstein et al., 1997;Green et al., 2010;Green & Bavelier 2003;Okagaki & Frensch, 1994).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Case of Video Game Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Basak et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Bejjanki et al., 2014
- Not checked yetcites Goldstein et al., 1997
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, these meta-analyses found that when the treated groups were compared to active control groups, the overall effect sizes were essentially null.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dougherty, Hamovits, & Tidwell, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Melby-Lervåg, Redick, & Hulme, 2016
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2017b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Just like WM training, when the music-treated samples were compared to active control groups, the differences were minimal or null.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2017c
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Video game training thus represents no exception to the general difficulty of obtaining far transfer.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“almost all the studies in the field tested the alleged benefits of chess training using a passive control group only (Sala, Foley, & Gobet, 2017).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sala, Foley, & Gobet, 2017
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, chess players appear to possess a superior overall cognitive ability when compared to the general population of non-chess players, even when the level of education is controlled for (Sala et al., 2017).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sala et al., 2017
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This problem has been documented in the field of video gaming (e.g., Boot, Blakely, & Simons, 2011).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Publication Bias Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boot, Blakely, & Simons, 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, even though we cannot logically infer the direction or even the presence of causation, the information provided by correlational (Meta-analysis 1) and cross-sectional (Meta-analysis 2) studies still represents suggestive evidence in support or against claims about the benefits of video game training.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If video game training enhances cognitive function, then prolonged exposure to video games in natural groups should produce clear-cut differences between players and nonplayers and positive correlations between video game skill and cognitive skills.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, several serious methodological flaws make Powers et al.'s (2013) findings unreliable.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, positive correlations and betweengroup differences would not necessarily imply that video game training causes cognitive enhancement.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most importantly, in the two meta-analytic models (and hence in the sub-models), too many of the effect sizes (up to 28) were extracted from the same samples and were often referring to the same cognitive construct, without any correction for statistical dependence.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another problem is that Powers et al.'s (2013) meta-analysis included only one publication bias analysis able to provide corrected estimates (i.e., trim-and-fill; Duval & Tweedie, 2000).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Duval & Tweedie, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two publication bias analyses thus suggested that the overall correlation (𝑟̅ = .07)was a slight overestimation.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The very same considerations apply to Wang et al.'s (2016) meta-analysis.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The publication bias and influential case analyses did not evidence any substantial difference with the unadjusted correlations.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the exclusion of the influential cases did not substantially alter the results.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like Powers et al. (2013), these three meta-analyses suffer from severe methodological flaws.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The meta-analysis of the correlational data showed little evidence of the cognitive benefits of playing video games.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Meta-Analysis 2: Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Data
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the publication bias analyses suggested that the unadjusted overall effect size (𝑔̅ = 0.40) was an overestimation.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that 𝑟̅ = .30is probably an overestimation (see publication bias estimates, Table 4), video game skill explains between approximatively 1% and 6% of the variance in the participants' spatial ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These small negative estimated values were probably statistical artefacts.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the results suggest that video game players do differ from non-video game players in terms of cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the outcomes of this meta-analysis may suggest that engagement in video games exerts some modest effects on overall cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two publication bias analyses thus suggested that the unadjusted overall effect size (𝑔̅ = 0.33) was significantly inflated by the suppression from the literature of several smaller-thanaverage effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the two previous meta-analyses provided weak evidence in favor of the hypothesis according to which playing video games enhances cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Meta-Analysis 3: Meta-Analysis of Experimental Training Data
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the exclusion of the influential cases did not substantially alter the results.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the results are robust.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the influential case analyses showed no substantial differences in the overall correlations between the models with and without influential effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The influential case analyses did not highlight any substantial difference with the unadjusted overall effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, considering only RT-related measures did not provide substantially different results compared to the main model (𝑟̅ = .09and 𝑟̅ = .07,respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation between video game skill and spatial ability, although limited in size, may represent a characteristic trait of video game expertise.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main model and most of the sub-models showed weak correlations between video game skill and cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The failure of generalization of skills in the field of video gaming represents a further corroboration of those theories of cognition that predict no (or limited) far transfer, such as chunking theory (Chase & Simon, 1973) and template theory (Gobet & Simon, 1996).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chase & Simon, 1973
- Not checked yetcites Gobet & Simon, 1996
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the small number of the effect sizes in that model (k = 15) and the high degree of heterogeneity (I 2 = 63.45), the overall effect size was probably biased.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Crucially, most of the models showed a small (or zero) degree of heterogeneity, indicating that most of the variability between studies was due to sampling error (or a few influential cases) rather than some moderating variable.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This account also explains why video game training has sometimes been associated with improvements in particular tasks (e.g., UFOV; Feng, Spence, & Pratt, 2007), whereas no effect has been found in broader cognitive constructs (e.g., visual attention/processing; Table 10).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Feng, Spence, & Pratt, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such limited benefits, observed after training, probably represent only trainees' improved ability to perform a task.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the concurrent presence of specific neural patterns (functional and anatomical) and absence of significant effects on cognitive tests have also been observed in other domains such as music (e.g., Tierney, Krizman, & Kraus, 2015), chess (e.g., Hänggi, Brütsch, Siegel, & Jäncke, 2014), and working memory training (Clark, Lawlor-Savage, & Goghari, 2017).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tierney, Krizman, & Kraus, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Hänggi, Brütsch, Siegel, & Jäncke, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Clark, Lawlor-Savage, & Goghari, 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found no evidence of a causal relationship linking playing video games and enhanced cognition.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“given the small or null effects exerted by video gaming on cognitive tests, the neural changes and patterns observed in video game players in several studies (e.g., Colom et al., 2012) probably reflect modifications in domain-specific abilities (e.g., video game skills) rather than domain-general improvements of cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Colom et al., 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This difference is probably due to our more restrictive inclusion criteria and our more accurate procedure for calculating the effect sizes and correcting for statistical dependence.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while it is evident that training a skill improves that skill, far transfer is extremely unlikely to occur.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Training a skill improves that skill.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most significant implication of these results is that the lack of generalization across different domains of skills acquired by training appears to be a constant in human cognition.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our results support the hypothesis according to which expertise acquisition relies to a large extent on domain-specific, and hence non-transferable, information.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The small degree of heterogeneity often observed in the sub-models also suggests that the categorization of the effect sizes into the five outcome measures is highly reliable.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“those theories predicting the occurrence of far transfer after video game training (e.g.,”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bavelier et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Strobach & Karbach, 2016
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This latter outcome is further evidence against the hypothesis according to which video game training affects cognitive ability: if training were effective, one should expect a positive relationship between duration of training and size of the effects.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Video game training is no exception.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, it is more plausible that individuals with superior cognitive skills tend to engage and excel in video games.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the common view that training and possessing transferable skills is one effective way to progress in a particular field appears incorrect.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the present meta-analytic investigation also shows that playing certain types of video games may be related to specific cognitive abilities.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, considering only RT-related measures did not provide substantially different results compared to the main model (𝑔̅ = 0.09 and 𝑔̅ = 0.07, respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, theories predicting no far-transfer effects are corroborated.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the publication bias analyses once again suggested that the unadjusted overall effect size (𝑔̅ = 0.23) was an overestimation.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theories of human cognition predicting (or assuming) the occurrence of far-transfer effects find no support.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, far transfer remains a chimera.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 74
- It may state two separate claims as one. 47
- The quote only partly states this claim. 15
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we found 63 studies regarding the effects of video game training on cognitive ability, including 3,286 participants and 359 effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Inclusion Criteria
plainn = 3,286- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outcome measure and Skill measure were significant moderators (p = .005and p < .001,respectively).Type of video game was marginally significant (p = .059).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found 66 studies reporting correlations between cognitive ability and video game skill, including 8,141 participants and 310 effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Inclusion Criteria
plaincorrelationaln = 8,141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found 98 studies reporting comparisons (i.e., quasi-experimental design) between players and non-players, including 6,166 participants and 315 effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Inclusion Criteria
plainn = 6,166- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trim-and-fill analysis filled 16 studies left of the mean.The estimated correlation was 𝑟̅ = .05,95% CI [.03; .08].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was I 2 = 52.19.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, Viechtbauer and Cheung's (2010) analysis detected four influential effect sizes.The overall correlation without these effect sizes was 𝑟̅ = .06,95% CI [.04; .08],k = 306, p < .001,I 2 = 41.08.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .03,95% CI [.00; .05],k = 156, p = .024.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Skill measure.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results provided near-zero correlations in four measures and a small correlation (𝑟̅ = .18)in spatial ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results showed positive effect sizes (range 0.19 to 0.41) in all the measures.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect sizes of the main model and sub-models showed significantly positive effect sizes, indicating that video game players outperformed non-players in all the five broad measures of cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the random-effects metaanalytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.12,95% CI [-0.25; 0.01], k = 88, p = .072.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding RTs, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.09, 95% CI”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Random allocation and hours of training were not significant moderators, p = .321and p = .826,respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the RVE analyses provided similar overall correlations in all the meta-analytic models (for details, see the Supplemental material available online), and so did the sensitivity analysis.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only exception to this pattern of results was spatial ability.The overall correlations between video game skill and spatial ability were all significant with a range of values between .09and .30.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outcome measure and Age were marginally significant, p = .058and p = .056,respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was low, I 2 = 33.79.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the sensitivity analyses showed that the advantage of video game players over non-players was slightly more pronounced in RT-related measures (𝑔̅ = 0.46).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither Outcome measure, nor Type of game was significant (p = .174and p = .101,respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, Viechtbauer and Cheung's (2010) analysis detected two influential effect sizes.The overall effect size without these effect sizes was 𝑔̅ = 0.32, 95% CI [0.27; 0.38], k = 313, p < .001,I 2 = 30.59.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the sensitivity analyses did not show any pattern of interest.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RVE analyses provided similar results”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither action nor non-action video game training exerted any substantial effect on the participants' cognitive ability”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the meta-analysis of experimental studies reported null effects for video game training on the older adults' cognitive ability and thus does not support this hypothesis”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Investigating the relationship between video game players' domain-general cognitive skills
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trim-and-fill analysis filled 16 studies left of the mean.The estimated effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.13,95% CI [-0.26; 0.00].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the sub-model comprising all effect sizes, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.08,95% CI [-0.21; 0.04], k = 92, p = .184.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“[0.15; 0.31], k = 102, p < .001.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“Thus, the publication bias analyses once again suggested that the unadjusted overall effect size (𝑔̅ = 0.23) was an overestimation.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity was I 2 = 23.10.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was I 2 = 33.15.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trim-and-fill analysis filled 16 studies left of the mean.The estimated effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.34, 95% CI [0.22; 0.45].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = 0.40, 𝑔̅ = 0.34, 𝑔̅ = 0.42, and 𝑔̅ = 0.36 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0 [- 0 .05; 0.24], k = 44, p = .200.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“Thus, considering only RT-related measures did not provide substantially different results compared to the main model (𝑔̅ = 0.09 and 𝑔̅ = 0.07, respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size without these effect sizes was not different from the unadjusted effect size, 𝑔̅ = 0.10, 95% CI [0.05; 0.15], k = 234, p < .001,I 2 = .00.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = -0.18,𝑔̅ = -0.32,𝑔̅ = -0.09,and 𝑔̅ = -0.07 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One influential effect size was detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size referring to intelligence/reasoning-related measures was significantly negative (𝑔̅ = -0.63).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was I 2 = 48.90.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The publication bias analyses estimated values similar to the unadjusted effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One influential effect size was detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trim-and-fill analysis filled 21 studies left of the mean.The estimated overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.28,95% CI [-0.41; -0.16].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trim-and-fill analysis filled ten studies right of the mean.The estimated effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.21, 95% CI [0.07; 0.35].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity was I 2 = 7.89.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No influential case was detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity was I 2 = 46.35.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trim-and-fill analysis filled 25 studies left of the mean.The estimated overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.12, 95% CI [0.04; 0.20].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“filled 21 studies left of the mean.The estimated overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.01; 0.10].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size without these effect sizes was 𝑔̅ = -0.06,95% CI [-0.18; 0.05], k = 91, p < .001,I 2 = 43.88.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = -0.04,𝑔̅ = -0.14, 𝑔̅ = 0.02, and 𝑔̅ = 0.02 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate twotailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No influential effect sizes were detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five influential effect sizes were detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four overall effect sizes were small or null.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0 [ 0 . 36; 0.56], k = 71, p < .001.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“The overall effect size referring to RT-related measures thus appeared to be slightly larger than the one of the main model (𝑔̅ = 0.46 and 𝑔̅ = 0.33, respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
In the paper
“The key point risen by Simons and colleagues is that there is an inverse relationship between the size of the positive effects of the treatments and the design quality of the experiments.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Simons et al. (2016)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A classical result in cognitive psychology is that WM capacity strongly correlates with fluid intelligence (Kane, Hambrick, & Conway, 2005).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kane, Hambrick, & Conway, 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Action video game players have been found to outperform nonplayers in a variety of attentional and perceptual tasks (Green, Li, & Bavelier, 2010).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Case of Video Game Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green, Li, & Bavelier, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Finally, a systematic review by Simons et al. (2016) has claimed that there is no convincing evidence that brain-training programs provide benefits that go beyond the trained skill or task.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Simons et al. (2016)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The first meta-analysis, comparing players to non-players, reported medium to large effect sizes showing that video-game players were superior to non-players in measures of visual processing, executive functioning, and spatial imagery, among others.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Powers, Brooks, Aldrich, Palladino, and Alfieri (2013)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“substantial research into the psychology of expertise and a recent series of meta-analytic reviews have suggested that various types of cognitive training (e.g., working memory training) benefit performance only in the trained tasks.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In the same vein, a recent meta-analysis (Sala & Gobet, 2017c) found no evidence of positive effects of music training on a broad range of cognitive abilities (e.g., intelligence, spatial ability, and phonological processing) or academic attainment (e.g., mathematics and literacy).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2017c
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While a recent meta-analysis (Sala & Gobet, 2016) has shown that chess training exerts a small effect on academic achievement and cognitive ability, almost all the studies in the field tested the alleged benefits of chess training using a passive control group only (Sala, Foley, & Gobet, 2017).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and second authors coded each effect size independently.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Finally, Wang et al. (2016) meta-analyzed 19 studies and found a positive effect of action video game training on healthy adults' cognitive ability (𝑔̅ = 0.57).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. (2016)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For each independent sample, those effect sizes referring to the same type of measure (e.g., reaction times) and extracted from the same test (e.g., different stimulus onset asynchronies in the UFOV task) were merged into one effect size.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Statistical Dependence of the Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schmidt & Hunter, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the estimates of the publication bias analyses were small (between 𝑟̅ = .03and 𝑟̅ = .13)and thus did not substantially differ from the overall correlation in this model (𝑟̅ = .11).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As stated in the introduction, a positive correlation between video game skill and cognitive ability may suggest that video game training exerts positive effects on cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Meta-Analysis 1: Meta-Analysis of Correlational Data Among Video Game Players
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Finally, to evaluate whether some effect sizes had an unusually large influence on the metaanalytic means, we performed Viechtbauer and Cheung's (2010) influential cases analysis in every meta-analytic model.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Influential Cases Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Viechtbauer and Cheung's (2010)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two publication bias analyses thus provided a different pattern of results.All the estimated overall correlations were small but greater than zero.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Skill measure.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Cohen's kappa was κ = .85,95% CI [.82; .88].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Toril et al.'s (2014) meta-analysis included several exergaming and brain-training studies (e.g., Ackerman, Kanfer, & Calderwood, 2010;Anguera et al., 2013;Maillot et al., 2012).When these exergaming and brain-training studies are excluded, the number of the studies is reduced to 12.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ackerman, Kanfer, & Calderwood, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Anguera et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Maillot et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of multiple methods for the detection of publication bias is fundamental for triangulating the true effect size estimate (Kepes, Bushman, & Anderson, 2017;Kepes & McDaniel, 2015).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kepes, Bushman, & Anderson, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Kepes & McDaniel, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Finally, the PET-PEESE estimators were calculated (Stanley and Doucouliagos, 2014).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Publication Bias Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stanley and Doucouliagos, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We used a systematic search strategy to find the relevant studies (PRISMA statement; Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Method Literature Search
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, it must be noted that, just like correlation and between-group differences do not imply a causal relationship between two variables, the absence of correlation or between-group differences does not necessarily imply that there is no causation.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, no appropriate correction for statistically dependent effect sizes was applied.The dependent effect sizes were simply merged into a single effect size irrespective to whether they measure the same cognitive ability or not.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since Cheung and Chan's ( 2004) method cannot be used for partially dependent samples, we ran our analyses as if these effect sizes were statistically independent.This relatively minor limitation was nearly absent when the effect sizes were sorted by type of video game.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Statistical Dependence of the Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the estimates of the publication bias analyses were close to zero and did not substantially differ from the unadjusted overall correlation (𝑟̅ = .07).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Toril, Reales, and Ballesteros (2014) reviewed 20 studies regarding the effects of video game training on older adults' overall cognitive ability and reported a positive overall effect size (𝑔̅ = 0.37).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Toril, Reales, and Ballesteros (2014)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To investigate whether the results were affected by publication bias, we used Duval andTweedie's (2000) trim-and-fill analysis andVevea andWoods's (2005) selection model analysis.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Publication Bias Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Duval andTweedie's (2000)
- Not checked yetcites Vevea andWoods's (2005)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To check for this potentially confounding variable, we ran three sensitivity analyses (one for each meta-analysis) including all the experiments that reported effect sizes for both accuracy and RTs in the same cognitive tasks, and analyzed accuracy and RTs separately.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several studies reported the participants' performance on both accuracy and reaction times (RTs) in the same tasks.We reported both these measures to check for possible trade-off effects.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, no quantitative estimation of publication-bias was calculated.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and second authors coded each effect size independently.The Cohen's kappa was κ = .96,95% CI [.94; .99].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional moderators.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we carried out a parallel set of analyses using the Robust Variance Estimation method (RVE; Hedges, Tipton, & Johnson, 2010;Tanner-Smith & Tipton, 2014).”
- Also stated in: § Statistical Dependence of the Samples · plain
“The whole procedure was implemented to test whether the outcomes of the meta-analytic models were sensitive to the type of meta-analytic technique used to model dependent effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Statistical Dependence of the Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hedges, Tipton, & Johnson, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Tanner-Smith & Tipton, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Statistical Dependence of the Samples · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the best of our knowledge, no such meta-analysis had been carried out before.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If video game experience/skill is not correlated with cognitive ability, or video game players are not better than non-video game players, then it is hard to claim that video game training enhances cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, although Powers and Brooks's (2014) investigation was an interesting attempt to understand the impact of different types of video game training in more detail, there were not enough studies to produce reliable models.In factaction video games excludedthe other six categories of videogame genre included only three to nine studies.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For those effect sizes that were statistically dependent and referred to different constructs or were extracted from different tests, we applied Cheung and Chan's (2004) correction for statistically dependent samples.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Statistical Dependence of the Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cheung and Chan's (2004)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the publication bias analyses thus did not significantly differ from the overall correlation in this model.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Skill measure.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it seems improbable that either or both of these conditions occur in the case of video game training.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If video game training enhances cognitive function, then prolonged exposure to video games in natural groups should produce clear-cut differences between players and nonplayers and positive correlations between video game skill and cognitive skills.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors resolved every discrepancy.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and second authors coded each effect size independently.The Cohen's kappa was κ = .95,95% CI [.92; .99].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional moderators.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the results do not exclude the possibility that individuals with higher cognitive abilities are more likely to play video games.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is possible that the correlation between cognitive ability and hours of play per week was more affected by measurement error than the correlation between cognitive ability and video game scores.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Score tends to be a more reliable measure of video game skill than the weekly frequency of play reported in a questionnaire.
In the paper
“For this reason, we ran a sensitivity analysis including only those studies meeting Green and Bavelier (2007)'s criteria: at least five hours of action video game play per week in the past six months for action video-game players and no action-video game play for non-video game players.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Method Additional inclusion criteria.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green and Bavelier (2007)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is possible that such benefits occur regardless of skill, as long as individuals engage in video game playing.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Meta-Analysis 2: Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Data
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That said, no direction of causality can be inferred from correlations.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like in the previous meta-analysis, this outcome may suggest, yet not necessarily imply, that video game training positively impacts cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Meta-Analysis 2: Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Data
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the results suggest that video game skill is not related or only weakly related to cognitive ability in general.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, no causal relationship in which playing video games leads to superior cognitive abilities needs to be postulated to account for these results.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This convergence of results confirms the reliability of the meta-analytic models.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Finally, to correct the effect sizes for upward bias, we used CMA to convert Cohen's ds into Hedges's gs (Hedges & Olkin, 1985).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Effect sizes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hedges & Olkin, 1985
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Video game players are usually categorized according to the video game genre they play the most (e.g., Green & Bavelier, 2003).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Investigating the relationship between video game players' domain-general cognitive skills
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green & Bavelier, 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“after undergoing video game training, people may get better at solving cognitive tasks similar to the training task, and yet not show any genuine improvement in cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, non-video game players are often defined as individuals not playing a specific video game genre.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Investigating the relationship between video game players' domain-general cognitive skills
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“chess masters can recall entire chess positions, even when the material is presented only for a few seconds (e.g., Gobet & Simon, 2000).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Recommendations for Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gobet & Simon, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the correlation between chess skill and performance on tests of short-term memory is modest (𝑟̅ = .22;Burgoyne et al., 2016).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Recommendations for Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burgoyne et al., 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Domain-general cognitive abilities are malleable to training, but the benefits, when any, are domain-specific (Chase & Ericsson, 1982;Gobet, 2016).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chase & Ericsson, 1982
- Not checked yetcites Gobet, 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like chess players, video game players may possess exceptional cognitive abilities only with domain-specific material.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Recommendations for Future Research
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three meta-analyses offer a consistent picture: weak correlations between skill and cognitive ability, small differences between video game players and non-players, and no or negligible differences between the participants who underwent video game training and the participants in the control groups.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Playing video games in general, or some genre in particular, may be associated with specific cognitive abilities predicting, to some extent, a player's skill.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, video game players are often engaged in more than one genre, and non-video game players rarely do not play any video game.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Investigating the relationship between video game players' domain-general cognitive skills
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the field of video game playing may present characteristics analogous to other domains of expertise, such as chess and music.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This moderator was included to control for potential confounding effects due to differences at baseline level.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are in line with substantial research into expertise and cognitive training in domains such as music, chess, WM, and brain training.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size referring to RT-related measures thus appeared to be slightly larger than the one of the main model (𝑔̅ = 0.46 and 𝑔̅ = 0.33, respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The training video game was not purposely designed to improve cognitive ability (e.g., Lumosity® brain-training video games).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study included at least one control group”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study included participants with no (or negligible) experience, at the beginning of the experiment, in the video game(s) used during training”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
If video game training enhances cognitive function, then prolonged exposure to video games in natural groups should produce clear-cut differences between players and nonplayers and positive correlations between video game skill and cognitive skills.
“In fact, assuming that video game training enhances cognitive function, the prolonged exposure to video games reported in natural groups should result in clear-cut differences between players and non-players and positive correlations between video-game skill and cognitive skills.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In experimental studies, post-test video-game scores and score gains between post- and pre-test video-game scores were expected to be highly correlated and equally valid measures of video game skill.
“Thus, post-test video-game scores and score gains between post-and pre-test videogame scores were expected to be highly correlated and, therefore, equally valid measures of video game skills.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Score tends to be a more reliable measure of video game skill than the weekly frequency of play reported in a questionnaire.
“Score tends to be a more reliable measure of video game skill than the weekly frequency of play reported in a questionnaire.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Quasi-experimental designs cannot support strong causal inferences.
“Although quasi-experiments do not allow any strong inference with respect to causality”
The paper relies on this without support.
Training a skill improves that skill.
“while it is evident that training a skill improves that skill”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, the third meta-analysis investigated the impact of video game training on the general cognitive ability of 63 studies, encompassing 3286 cognitively and physically healthy participants, and found near-zero training effects.”
From Examining Working Memory Training for Healthy Adults—A Second-Order Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Sala et al. (2018)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The studies involved 8141 cognitively and physically healthy participants, revealing a weak positive correlation between memory and video game skill and a significant correlation with spatial ability.”
From Examining Working Memory Training for Healthy Adults—A Second-Order Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Sala et al. (2018)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The results showed that video game players outperformed non-players on memory and spatial ability measures.”
From Examining Working Memory Training for Healthy Adults—A Second-Order Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Sala et al. (2018)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
“I 2 = 17.90 and I 2 = 10.64 including and excluding influential cases, respectively”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was I 2 = 18.02.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
“k = 91, p < .001,I 2 = 43.88.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
“𝑔̅ = -0.06,95% CI [-0.18; 0.05], k = 91”
Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2015) · doi:10.4135/9781483398105 · Cited by 5,542
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2 · Cited by 4,479 · cited 2×
“…on expert chess players has shown that expert performance relies, to a large extent, on domainspecific perceptual information—such as chunks, that is, perceptual and meaningful configurations of elements—acquired in years of training (Chase & Simon, 1973; Gobet & Simon, 1996; Sala & Gobet, 2017a).”
Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis
Viechtbauer, W., & Cheung, M. W.-L. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.11 · Cited by 2,949
Action video game modifies visual selective attention
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01647 · Cited by 2,540
The malleability of spatial skills: A meta-analysis of training studies.
Uttal, D. H., Meadow, N. G., Tipton, E., Hand, L. L., Alden, A. R., Warren, C. M., & Newcombe, N. S. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028446 · Cited by 2,188
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Adams, D. M. (2013). Exploring the effect of video game playing on static and dynamic spatial cognition skills (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3559770).
- Cohen, J. E., Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2008). Training visual attention with video games: Not all games are created equal. In H. O'Neil & R. Perez (Eds.), Computer games and adult learning (pp. 205-227). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Gobet, F. (2016). Understanding expertise: A multi-disciplinary approach. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.
- Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
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Cognitive Training Does Not Enhance General Cognition
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“However, we have showed [27] that the observed overall positive effects found in these meta-analyses are probably unreliable due to flaws in the modelling approach, such as the use of suboptimal formulas to calculate effect sizes and sampling error variances, the lack of an appropriate sensitivity analysis (e.”
InfluentialSelf-citationIs bilingualism related to a cognitive advantage in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2020) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01060-2 · Cited by 235
Self-citationThe cognitive benefits of learning computer programming: A meta-analysis of transfer effects.
Scherer, R., Siddiq, F., & Sánchez Viveros, B. (2019) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000314 · Cited by 205
“Focusing on the same domain, Sala et al. (2018) (2016) found an even broader range of effects from g (cid:2) 0.01 to g (cid:2) 1.88 for a variety of cognitive skills measures.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Sala, G., Tatlidil, K. S., & Gobet, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sala, Giovanni
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-139
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2774567158
- Semantic Scholar
- 8277efd3aba67e9b4d663908aa767da9dca990cb
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 241
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 19
- FWCI
- 32.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17F17313)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
- Keywords
- video game training, cognitive ability, far transfer, skill generalization, cognitive training, working memory training, cognitive control, attention, spatial ability, visual processing
- MeSH terms
- Aptitude, Cognition, Humans, Practice, Psychological, Transfer, Psychology, Video Games
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