The DOI matches its Crossref record; 234 of the 241 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 66 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Video game training does not enhance cognitive ability: A comprehensive meta-analytic investigation
Open accessAbstract
As a result of considerable potential scientific and societal implications, the possibility of enhancing cognitive ability by training has been one of the most influential topics of cognitive psychology in the last two decades. However, substantial research into the psychology of expertise and a recent series of meta-analytic reviews have suggested that various types of cognitive training (e.g., working memory training) benefit performance only in the trained tasks. The lack of skill generalization from one domain to different ones-that is, far transfer-has been documented in various fields of research such as working memory training, music, brain training, and chess. Video game training is another activity that has been claimed by many researchers to foster a broad range of cognitive abilities such as visual processing, attention, spatial ability, and cognitive control. We tested these claims with three random-effects meta-analytic models. The first meta-analysis (k = 310) examined the correlation between video game skill and cognitive ability. The second meta-analysis (k = 315) dealt with the differences between video game players and nonplayers in cognitive ability. The third meta-analysis (k = 359) investigated the effects of video game training on participants' cognitive ability. Small or null overall effect sizes were found in all three models. These outcomes show that overall cognitive ability and video game skill are only weakly related. Importantly, we found no evidence of a causal relationship between playing video games and enhanced cognitive ability. Video game training thus represents no exception to the general difficulty of obtaining far transfer. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Across three random-effects meta-analyses, video game skill, player status, and video game training showed only weak or null associations with cognitive ability. The authors conclude there is no evidence of a causal relationship between playing video games and enhanced cognitive ability, and that video game training is no exception to the difficulty of far transfer.
Key findings
- Meta-analysis 1 (correlational, k = 310): overall correlation between video game skill and cognitive ability was r̄ = .07, 95% CI [.05; .09], p < .001; trim-and-fill estimate was r̄ = .05. Skill measured by scores correlated r̄ = .16, whereas skill measured by hours of play correlated r̄ = .03; spatial ability showed the only notable small correlation (r̄ = .18 in the main outcome table; range .09–.30 across models).
- Meta-analysis 2 (players vs. nonplayers, k = 315): overall effect was ḡ = 0.33, 95% CI [0.28; 0.39], p < .001; trim-and-fill estimate was ḡ = 0.18. RT-related measures showed ḡ = 0.46, while accuracy-related measures showed ḡ = 0.05; the authors state this advantage is substantially smaller than in Powers et al. (2013).
- Meta-analysis 3 (training experiments, k = 359): overall training effect was ḡ = 0.07, 95% CI [0.02; 0.12], p = .004; trim-and-fill estimate was ḡ = −0.01. Action vs. non-action training was ḡ = 0.10, p = .068; action vs. non-video-game control was ḡ = −0.12, p = .072; non-action vs. non-video-game control was ḡ = 0.13, p < .001; Tetris-like games was ḡ = 0.07, p = .160.
- The paper reports no evidence of a causal relationship between playing video games and enhanced cognitive ability; publication bias analyses generally lowered estimates, and duration of training was not a significant moderator.
Methods
- Three random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. The search covered ERIC, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, JSTOR, Science Direct, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses through December 31, 2016; 135 researchers were emailed, 42 replied, and 25 provided unpublished data.
- Meta-analysis 1 included 66 studies, 8,141 participants, and 310 effect sizes on correlations between video game skill and cognitive ability. Meta-analysis 2 included 98 studies, 6,166 participants, and 315 effect sizes comparing players and nonplayers. Meta-analysis 3 included 63 studies, 3,286 participants, and 359 effect sizes on video game training effects.
- Effect sizes were categorized into five outcome measures: visual attention/processing, spatial ability, cognitive control, memory, and intelligence/reasoning. Analyses included random-effects models, moderator meta-regressions, trim-and-fill, Vevea-Woods selection models, PET-PEESE, influential-case analysis, robust variance estimation, and RT/accuracy sensitivity analyses.
Limitations
- The paper states that correlational and quasi-experimental designs cannot establish causality; absence of correlation or between-group differences does not necessarily imply no causation. It also notes possible publication bias and a modest response rate to unpublished-data requests (25 of 135), and that some sub-models had few effect sizes (e.g., k = 8, k = 14, k = 15) and no clinical population was included.
- The paper states that active vs. passive control group was not used as a moderator, partially dependent samples were treated as independent, and missing values in the moderator model were about 5%.
- Evident from the text: several sub-model estimates rely on very small k or high heterogeneity (e.g., older adults’ intelligence/reasoning ḡ = −0.63, k = 15, I² = 63.45), making those specific estimates unreliable; the supplied text also truncates some tables and confidence intervals, limiting verification of some sub-model values.
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Claims the paper makes
116 Own result · 71 Own interpretation · 47 Not checked yet · 12 Own method · 5 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Small or null overall effect sizes were found in all three models.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This meta-analytic investigation indicates that playing video games has negligible effects on cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Public Significance Statements
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These outcomes show that overall cognitive ability and video game skill are only weakly related.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .07,95% CI [.04; .10],k = 144, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“since the response rate to our e-mails requesting for unpublished data was modest (25 positive responses out of 135 requests)”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Publication Bias Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .16,95% CI [.12; .20],k = 154, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Skill measure.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding RTs, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .09,95% CI [.03; .15],k = 42, p = .004.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall correlation was 𝑟̅ = .07,95% CI [.05; .09],k = 310, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .04,95% CI [.01; .08],k = 97, p = .024.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .11,95% CI [.06; .16],k = 69, p < .001.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 74
- It may state two separate claims as one. 47
- The quote only partly states this claim. 15
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we found 63 studies regarding the effects of video game training on cognitive ability, including 3,286 participants and 359 effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Inclusion Criteria
plainn = 3,286- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outcome measure and Skill measure were significant moderators (p = .005and p < .001,respectively).Type of video game was marginally significant (p = .059).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found 66 studies reporting correlations between cognitive ability and video game skill, including 8,141 participants and 310 effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Inclusion Criteria
plaincorrelationaln = 8,141- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found 98 studies reporting comparisons (i.e., quasi-experimental design) between players and non-players, including 6,166 participants and 315 effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Inclusion Criteria
plainn = 6,166- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trim-and-fill analysis filled 16 studies left of the mean.The estimated correlation was 𝑟̅ = .05,95% CI [.03; .08].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was I 2 = 52.19.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, Viechtbauer and Cheung's (2010) analysis detected four influential effect sizes.The overall correlation without these effect sizes was 𝑟̅ = .06,95% CI [.04; .08],k = 306, p < .001,I 2 = 41.08.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑟̅ = .03,95% CI [.00; .05],k = 156, p = .024.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Skill measure.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results provided near-zero correlations in four measures and a small correlation (𝑟̅ = .18)in spatial ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results showed positive effect sizes (range 0.19 to 0.41) in all the measures.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect sizes of the main model and sub-models showed significantly positive effect sizes, indicating that video game players outperformed non-players in all the five broad measures of cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the random-effects metaanalytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.12,95% CI [-0.25; 0.01], k = 88, p = .072.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding RTs, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.09, 95% CI”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Random allocation and hours of training were not significant moderators, p = .321and p = .826,respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the RVE analyses provided similar overall correlations in all the meta-analytic models (for details, see the Supplemental material available online), and so did the sensitivity analysis.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only exception to this pattern of results was spatial ability.The overall correlations between video game skill and spatial ability were all significant with a range of values between .09and .30.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outcome measure and Age were marginally significant, p = .058and p = .056,respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was low, I 2 = 33.79.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the sensitivity analyses showed that the advantage of video game players over non-players was slightly more pronounced in RT-related measures (𝑔̅ = 0.46).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Neither Outcome measure, nor Type of game was significant (p = .174and p = .101,respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Moderator analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, Viechtbauer and Cheung's (2010) analysis detected two influential effect sizes.The overall effect size without these effect sizes was 𝑔̅ = 0.32, 95% CI [0.27; 0.38], k = 313, p < .001,I 2 = 30.59.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Finally, the sensitivity analyses did not show any pattern of interest.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The RVE analyses provided similar results”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither action nor non-action video game training exerted any substantial effect on the participants' cognitive ability”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the meta-analysis of experimental studies reported null effects for video game training on the older adults' cognitive ability and thus does not support this hypothesis”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Investigating the relationship between video game players' domain-general cognitive skills
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trim-and-fill analysis filled 16 studies left of the mean.The estimated effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.13,95% CI [-0.26; 0.00].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the sub-model comprising all effect sizes, the random-effects meta-analytic overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.08,95% CI [-0.21; 0.04], k = 92, p = .184.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“[0.15; 0.31], k = 102, p < .001.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“Thus, the publication bias analyses once again suggested that the unadjusted overall effect size (𝑔̅ = 0.23) was an overestimation.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity was I 2 = 23.10.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was I 2 = 33.15.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trim-and-fill analysis filled 16 studies left of the mean.The estimated effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.34, 95% CI [0.22; 0.45].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = 0.40, 𝑔̅ = 0.34, 𝑔̅ = 0.42, and 𝑔̅ = 0.36 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0 [- 0 .05; 0.24], k = 44, p = .200.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“Thus, considering only RT-related measures did not provide substantially different results compared to the main model (𝑔̅ = 0.09 and 𝑔̅ = 0.07, respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size without these effect sizes was not different from the unadjusted effect size, 𝑔̅ = 0.10, 95% CI [0.05; 0.15], k = 234, p < .001,I 2 = .00.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = -0.18,𝑔̅ = -0.32,𝑔̅ = -0.09,and 𝑔̅ = -0.07 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate two-tailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One influential effect size was detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size referring to intelligence/reasoning-related measures was significantly negative (𝑔̅ = -0.63).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was I 2 = 48.90.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The publication bias analyses estimated values similar to the unadjusted effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One influential effect size was detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trim-and-fill analysis filled 21 studies left of the mean.The estimated overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = -0.28,95% CI [-0.41; -0.16].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trim-and-fill analysis filled ten studies right of the mean.The estimated effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.21, 95% CI [0.07; 0.35].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity was I 2 = 7.89.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No influential case was detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree of heterogeneity was I 2 = 46.35.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trim-and-fill analysis filled 25 studies left of the mean.The estimated overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.12, 95% CI [0.04; 0.20].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“filled 21 studies left of the mean.The estimated overall effect size was 𝑔̅ = 0.04, 95% CI [-0.01; 0.10].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size without these effect sizes was 𝑔̅ = -0.06,95% CI [-0.18; 0.05], k = 91, p < .001,I 2 = 43.88.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the selection model analysis were 𝑔̅ = -0.04,𝑔̅ = -0.14, 𝑔̅ = 0.02, and 𝑔̅ = 0.02 for moderate one-tailed selection, severe one-tailed selection, moderate twotailed selection, and severe two-tailed selection, respectively.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No influential effect sizes were detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Five influential effect sizes were detected.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four overall effect sizes were small or null.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“0 [ 0 . 36; 0.56], k = 71, p < .001.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
“The overall effect size referring to RT-related measures thus appeared to be slightly larger than the one of the main model (𝑔̅ = 0.46 and 𝑔̅ = 0.33, respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
In the paper
“The key point risen by Simons and colleagues is that there is an inverse relationship between the size of the positive effects of the treatments and the design quality of the experiments.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Simons et al. (2016)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A classical result in cognitive psychology is that WM capacity strongly correlates with fluid intelligence (Kane, Hambrick, & Conway, 2005).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kane, Hambrick, & Conway, 2005
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Action video game players have been found to outperform nonplayers in a variety of attentional and perceptual tasks (Green, Li, & Bavelier, 2010).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Case of Video Game Training
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green, Li, & Bavelier, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Finally, a systematic review by Simons et al. (2016) has claimed that there is no convincing evidence that brain-training programs provide benefits that go beyond the trained skill or task.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Simons et al. (2016)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The first meta-analysis, comparing players to non-players, reported medium to large effect sizes showing that video-game players were superior to non-players in measures of visual processing, executive functioning, and spatial imagery, among others.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Powers, Brooks, Aldrich, Palladino, and Alfieri (2013)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“substantial research into the psychology of expertise and a recent series of meta-analytic reviews have suggested that various types of cognitive training (e.g., working memory training) benefit performance only in the trained tasks.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In the same vein, a recent meta-analysis (Sala & Gobet, 2017c) found no evidence of positive effects of music training on a broad range of cognitive abilities (e.g., intelligence, spatial ability, and phonological processing) or academic attainment (e.g., mathematics and literacy).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2017c
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While a recent meta-analysis (Sala & Gobet, 2016) has shown that chess training exerts a small effect on academic achievement and cognitive ability, almost all the studies in the field tested the alleged benefits of chess training using a passive control group only (Sala, Foley, & Gobet, 2017).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Chess, and Music
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sala & Gobet, 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and second authors coded each effect size independently.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Finally, Wang et al. (2016) meta-analyzed 19 studies and found a positive effect of action video game training on healthy adults' cognitive ability (𝑔̅ = 0.57).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al. (2016)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For each independent sample, those effect sizes referring to the same type of measure (e.g., reaction times) and extracted from the same test (e.g., different stimulus onset asynchronies in the UFOV task) were merged into one effect size.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Statistical Dependence of the Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schmidt & Hunter, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the estimates of the publication bias analyses were small (between 𝑟̅ = .03and 𝑟̅ = .13)and thus did not substantially differ from the overall correlation in this model (𝑟̅ = .11).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As stated in the introduction, a positive correlation between video game skill and cognitive ability may suggest that video game training exerts positive effects on cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Meta-Analysis 1: Meta-Analysis of Correlational Data Among Video Game Players
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Finally, to evaluate whether some effect sizes had an unusually large influence on the metaanalytic means, we performed Viechtbauer and Cheung's (2010) influential cases analysis in every meta-analytic model.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Influential Cases Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Viechtbauer and Cheung's (2010)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two publication bias analyses thus provided a different pattern of results.All the estimated overall correlations were small but greater than zero.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Skill measure.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Cohen's kappa was κ = .85,95% CI [.82; .88].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Toril et al.'s (2014) meta-analysis included several exergaming and brain-training studies (e.g., Ackerman, Kanfer, & Calderwood, 2010;Anguera et al., 2013;Maillot et al., 2012).When these exergaming and brain-training studies are excluded, the number of the studies is reduced to 12.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ackerman, Kanfer, & Calderwood, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Anguera et al., 2013
- Not checked yetcites Maillot et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The use of multiple methods for the detection of publication bias is fundamental for triangulating the true effect size estimate (Kepes, Bushman, & Anderson, 2017;Kepes & McDaniel, 2015).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kepes, Bushman, & Anderson, 2017
- Not checked yetcites Kepes & McDaniel, 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Finally, the PET-PEESE estimators were calculated (Stanley and Doucouliagos, 2014).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Publication Bias Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stanley and Doucouliagos, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We used a systematic search strategy to find the relevant studies (PRISMA statement; Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Method Literature Search
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, & Altman, 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, it must be noted that, just like correlation and between-group differences do not imply a causal relationship between two variables, the absence of correlation or between-group differences does not necessarily imply that there is no causation.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, no appropriate correction for statistically dependent effect sizes was applied.The dependent effect sizes were simply merged into a single effect size irrespective to whether they measure the same cognitive ability or not.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since Cheung and Chan's ( 2004) method cannot be used for partially dependent samples, we ran our analyses as if these effect sizes were statistically independent.This relatively minor limitation was nearly absent when the effect sizes were sorted by type of video game.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Statistical Dependence of the Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the estimates of the publication bias analyses were close to zero and did not substantially differ from the unadjusted overall correlation (𝑟̅ = .07).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Type of video game.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Toril, Reales, and Ballesteros (2014) reviewed 20 studies regarding the effects of video game training on older adults' overall cognitive ability and reported a positive overall effect size (𝑔̅ = 0.37).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Toril, Reales, and Ballesteros (2014)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To investigate whether the results were affected by publication bias, we used Duval andTweedie's (2000) trim-and-fill analysis andVevea andWoods's (2005) selection model analysis.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Publication Bias Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Duval andTweedie's (2000)
- Not checked yetcites Vevea andWoods's (2005)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To check for this potentially confounding variable, we ran three sensitivity analyses (one for each meta-analysis) including all the experiments that reported effect sizes for both accuracy and RTs in the same cognitive tasks, and analyzed accuracy and RTs separately.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several studies reported the participants' performance on both accuracy and reaction times (RTs) in the same tasks.We reported both these measures to check for possible trade-off effects.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Sensitivity Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, no quantitative estimation of publication-bias was calculated.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and second authors coded each effect size independently.The Cohen's kappa was κ = .96,95% CI [.94; .99].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional moderators.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, we carried out a parallel set of analyses using the Robust Variance Estimation method (RVE; Hedges, Tipton, & Johnson, 2010;Tanner-Smith & Tipton, 2014).”
- Also stated in: § Statistical Dependence of the Samples · plain
“The whole procedure was implemented to test whether the outcomes of the meta-analytic models were sensitive to the type of meta-analytic technique used to model dependent effect sizes.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Statistical Dependence of the Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hedges, Tipton, & Johnson, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Tanner-Smith & Tipton, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Statistical Dependence of the Samples · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the best of our knowledge, no such meta-analysis had been carried out before.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If video game experience/skill is not correlated with cognitive ability, or video game players are not better than non-video game players, then it is hard to claim that video game training enhances cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, although Powers and Brooks's (2014) investigation was an interesting attempt to understand the impact of different types of video game training in more detail, there were not enough studies to produce reliable models.In factaction video games excludedthe other six categories of videogame genre included only three to nine studies.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Meta-Analytic Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For those effect sizes that were statistically dependent and referred to different constructs or were extracted from different tests, we applied Cheung and Chan's (2004) correction for statistically dependent samples.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Statistical Dependence of the Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cheung and Chan's (2004)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimates of the publication bias analyses thus did not significantly differ from the overall correlation in this model.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Skill measure.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it seems improbable that either or both of these conditions occur in the case of video game training.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > The Present Meta-Analytic Investigation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: If video game training enhances cognitive function, then prolonged exposure to video games in natural groups should produce clear-cut differences between players and nonplayers and positive correlations between video game skill and cognitive skills.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors resolved every discrepancy.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Outcome Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and second authors coded each effect size independently.The Cohen's kappa was κ = .95,95% CI [.92; .99].”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional moderators.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the results do not exclude the possibility that individuals with higher cognitive abilities are more likely to play video games.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is possible that the correlation between cognitive ability and hours of play per week was more affected by measurement error than the correlation between cognitive ability and video game scores.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Score tends to be a more reliable measure of video game skill than the weekly frequency of play reported in a questionnaire.
In the paper
“For this reason, we ran a sensitivity analysis including only those studies meeting Green and Bavelier (2007)'s criteria: at least five hours of action video game play per week in the past six months for action video-game players and no action-video game play for non-video game players.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Method Additional inclusion criteria.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green and Bavelier (2007)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it is possible that such benefits occur regardless of skill, as long as individuals engage in video game playing.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Meta-Analysis 2: Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Data
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That said, no direction of causality can be inferred from correlations.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like in the previous meta-analysis, this outcome may suggest, yet not necessarily imply, that video game training positively impacts cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Meta-Analysis 2: Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Data
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the results suggest that video game skill is not related or only weakly related to cognitive ability in general.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, no causal relationship in which playing video games leads to superior cognitive abilities needs to be postulated to account for these results.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This convergence of results confirms the reliability of the meta-analytic models.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Finally, to correct the effect sizes for upward bias, we used CMA to convert Cohen's ds into Hedges's gs (Hedges & Olkin, 1985).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Effect sizes.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hedges & Olkin, 1985
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Video game players are usually categorized according to the video game genre they play the most (e.g., Green & Bavelier, 2003).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Investigating the relationship between video game players' domain-general cognitive skills
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green & Bavelier, 2003
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“after undergoing video game training, people may get better at solving cognitive tasks similar to the training task, and yet not show any genuine improvement in cognitive ability.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, non-video game players are often defined as individuals not playing a specific video game genre.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Investigating the relationship between video game players' domain-general cognitive skills
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“chess masters can recall entire chess positions, even when the material is presented only for a few seconds (e.g., Gobet & Simon, 2000).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Recommendations for Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gobet & Simon, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the correlation between chess skill and performance on tests of short-term memory is modest (𝑟̅ = .22;Burgoyne et al., 2016).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Recommendations for Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burgoyne et al., 2016
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Domain-general cognitive abilities are malleable to training, but the benefits, when any, are domain-specific (Chase & Ericsson, 1982;Gobet, 2016).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Theoretical and Practical Implications
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chase & Ericsson, 1982
- Not checked yetcites Gobet, 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like chess players, video game players may possess exceptional cognitive abilities only with domain-specific material.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Recommendations for Future Research
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three meta-analyses offer a consistent picture: weak correlations between skill and cognitive ability, small differences between video game players and non-players, and no or negligible differences between the participants who underwent video game training and the participants in the control groups.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Playing video games in general, or some genre in particular, may be associated with specific cognitive abilities predicting, to some extent, a player's skill.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, video game players are often engaged in more than one genre, and non-video game players rarely do not play any video game.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Investigating the relationship between video game players' domain-general cognitive skills
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the field of video game playing may present characteristics analogous to other domains of expertise, such as chess and music.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This moderator was included to control for potential confounding effects due to differences at baseline level.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are in line with substantial research into expertise and cognitive training in domains such as music, chess, WM, and brain training.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall effect size referring to RT-related measures thus appeared to be slightly larger than the one of the main model (𝑔̅ = 0.46 and 𝑔̅ = 0.33, respectively).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Conclusion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The training video game was not purposely designed to improve cognitive ability (e.g., Lumosity® brain-training video games).”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study included at least one control group”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study included participants with no (or negligible) experience, at the beginning of the experiment, in the video game(s) used during training”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
If video game training enhances cognitive function, then prolonged exposure to video games in natural groups should produce clear-cut differences between players and nonplayers and positive correlations between video game skill and cognitive skills.
“In fact, assuming that video game training enhances cognitive function, the prolonged exposure to video games reported in natural groups should result in clear-cut differences between players and non-players and positive correlations between video-game skill and cognitive skills.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In experimental studies, post-test video-game scores and score gains between post- and pre-test video-game scores were expected to be highly correlated and equally valid measures of video game skill.
“Thus, post-test video-game scores and score gains between post-and pre-test videogame scores were expected to be highly correlated and, therefore, equally valid measures of video game skills.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Score tends to be a more reliable measure of video game skill than the weekly frequency of play reported in a questionnaire.
“Score tends to be a more reliable measure of video game skill than the weekly frequency of play reported in a questionnaire.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Quasi-experimental designs cannot support strong causal inferences.
“Although quasi-experiments do not allow any strong inference with respect to causality”
The paper relies on this without support.
Training a skill improves that skill.
“while it is evident that training a skill improves that skill”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, the third meta-analysis investigated the impact of video game training on the general cognitive ability of 63 studies, encompassing 3286 cognitively and physically healthy participants, and found near-zero training effects.”
From Examining Working Memory Training for Healthy Adults—A Second-Order Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Sala et al. (2018)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The studies involved 8141 cognitively and physically healthy participants, revealing a weak positive correlation between memory and video game skill and a significant correlation with spatial ability.”
From Examining Working Memory Training for Healthy Adults—A Second-Order Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Sala et al. (2018)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The results showed that video game players outperformed non-players on memory and spatial ability measures.”
From Examining Working Memory Training for Healthy Adults—A Second-Order Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as Sala et al. (2018)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > General Discussion
“I 2 = 17.90 and I 2 = 10.64 including and excluding influential cases, respectively”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Main model.
“The degree of heterogeneity between effect sizes was I 2 = 18.02.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
“k = 91, p < .001,I 2 = 43.88.”
§ Video Game Training Does Not Enhance Cognitive Ability: A Comprehensive Meta-Analytic Investigation > Additional information
“𝑔̅ = -0.06,95% CI [-0.18; 0.05], k = 91”
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Cognitive Training Does Not Enhance General Cognition
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“However, we have showed [27] that the observed overall positive effects found in these meta-analyses are probably unreliable due to flaws in the modelling approach, such as the use of suboptimal formulas to calculate effect sizes and sampling error variances, the lack of an appropriate sensitivity analysis (e.”
InfluentialSelf-citationIs bilingualism related to a cognitive advantage in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
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“Focusing on the same domain, Sala et al. (2018) (2016) found an even broader range of effects from g (cid:2) 0.01 to g (cid:2) 1.88 for a variety of cognitive skills measures.”
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“In our experience, response rate is currently 20% to 30% at best (e.g., Sala et al., 2018).”
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Different cognitive abilities displayed by action video gamers and non-gamers
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Mechanisms underlying training-induced cognitive change
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Internet gaming disorder should qualify as a mental disorder
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“However, while evidence is lacking for these claims (e.g., Sala et al., 2017), advocates for cognitive training programmes have turned to the science of neural plasticity to support their claims (Simons et al., 2016).”
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“, 2017) or null when controlling for placebo effects and publication bias (Sala et al., 2018).”
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“On the other hand, a series of meta-analyses [47] found only small or null effect sizes in three models examining correlations between video game skills and cognitive ability, differences in cognitive ability between game players and non-players, and the effects of video game–based training on cognitive ability, respe…”
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“Specifically, [21] concluded in their meta-analysis that ‘playing video games has negligible effects on cognitive ability’ (p.”
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“Narrative reviews indicate that gamers show advantages especially in visuospatial aspects of cognition (Hubert-Wallander, Green, & Bavelier, 2010; Oei & Patterson, 2014), and quantitative meta-analyses have supported these conclusions to some extent (Powers, Brooks, Aldrich, Palladino, & Alfieri, 2013; Bediou, Adams,…”
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“Similar to previous meta-analyses (Bonnechère et al., 2020; Lampit et al., 2014; Nguyen et al., 2019; Sala et al., 2018), no transfer was observed for outcome measures tapping attention.”
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Action video game play facilitates “learning to learn”
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“a first-person shooter game and reaction times to a go/no-go task) [3, 58].”
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“Finally, in a meta-analysis examining brain training in the form of playing video games, Sala, Tatlidil, and Gobet (2017) “found no evidence of a causal relationship between playing video games and enhanced cognitive ability” (p. 111).”
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“, 2018) or video gaming in general (Shams et al., 2015; Carson et al., 2016; Sala et al., 2018).”
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“Meta-analysic evidence is also mixed [3, 39].”
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“(2014), and Schnack et al. (2015) reported surface area increases before age 10 years, 11 years, and by 15 years, respectively.”
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“These results are consistent with the general conclusions obtained by systematic reviews and metaanalyses (Bediou et al., 2018; Choi et al., 2020; Sala et al., 2018) that highlight the importance of attention control in video games.”
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“In a recent meta-analysis on 359 participants, including studies on healthy adults, elderly and children, the improvement associated with game-like training programs has been found to be small (Sala & Gobet, 2018).”
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Integrated cognitive and physical fitness training enhances attention abilities in older adults
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“…et al., 2014; Green and Bavelier, 2015; Bediou et al., 2018), whereas others have no or only modest benefits (Unsworth et al., 2015; Ballesteros et al., 2017; Sala et al., 2018), with some tentative meta-analytic evidence for both near and far transfer (Wang et al., 2016; Bediou et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDworak, E. M., Revelle, W., & Condon, D. M. (2023) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2023.101734 · Cited by 35
“…in differences of three-dimensional scores are due to playing video games, as much as the relationship between playing video games and spatial ability (Sala, Tatlidil, and Gobet, 2018) may be acting as a greater protective factor for lower scores that could be observed in this domain of ability.”
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“…training only improves the specific skill one is training (e.g., Ericsson & Charness, 1994; Gobet et al., 2001; Gobet, 2015; Hambrick et al., 2017; Powers et al., 2013; Redick et al., 2017; Sala et al., 2018; Sala & Gobet, 2019; Schellenberg, 2020; Simons et al., 2016; Unsworth et al., 2015).”
BackgroundEmotion perception in habitual players of action video games.
Pichon, S., Bediou, B., Antico, L., Jack, R. E., Garrod, O., Sims, C. R., Green, C. S., Schyns, P. G., & Bavelier, D. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000740 · Cited by 35
The Efficacy of Cognitive Videogame Training for ADHD and What FDA Clearance Means for Clinicians
Evans, S. W., Beauchaine, T. P., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Becker, S. P., Chacko, A., Gallagher, R., Hartung, C. M., Kofler, M. J., Schultz, B. K., Tamm, L., et al. (2021) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2020.1859960 · Cited by 32
“Attempts to replicate such findings, however, have been mixed (Sala et al., 2018).”
BackgroundLong-term maintenance of multitasking abilities following video game training in older adults
Anguera, J. A., Schachtner, J. N., Simon, A. J., Volponi, J. J., Javed, S., Gallen, C. L., & Gazzaley, A. H. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.023 · Cited by 30
Does music training improve inhibition control in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jamey, K., Foster, N. E. V., Hyde, K. L., & Bella, S. D. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105913 · Cited by 61
The psychology of esports: Trends, challenges, and future directions
Pedraza-Ramirez, I., Sharpe, B. T., Behnke, M., Toth, A. J., & Poulus, D. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102967 · Cited by 35
Fikkers, K. M., Piotrowski, J. T., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2019) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqz003 · Cited by 31
“Although the exact (neural) mechanisms to explain the effects of commercial games are still being posited, tested, and debated (Bavelier et al., 2012; Sala et al., 2017), it seems reasonable to expect that commercial games, too, have the potential to support fluid intelligence in similar ways as brain games, given tha…”
BackgroundInfluentialVaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00405 · Cited by 32
Barton, A. C., Sheen, J. A., & Byrne, L. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02050 · Cited by 37
“…(Ohly et al., 2016; Stevenson et al., 2018), exercise and attention (Fernandes et al., 2018), exergaming and cognition (Ogawa et al., 2016), videogames and cognition (Bediou et al., 2017; Sala et al., 2017), and computerized cognitive training devices (Lampit et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDoes a Growth Mindset Enable Successful Aging?
Heslin, P. A., Burnette, J. L., & Ryu, N. G. (2020) · Work Aging and Retirement · doi:10.1093/workar/waaa029 · Cited by 36
Gardony, A. L., Martis, S. B., Taylor, H. A., & Brunyé, T. T. (2018) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2018.1531001 · Cited by 32
Chamberlain, R., Kozbelt, A., Drake, J. E., & Wagemans, J. P. (2019) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/aca0000243 · Cited by 31
Valls-Serrano, C., Francisco, C. D., Vélez-Coto, M., & Caracuel, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.933331 · Cited by 29
“Although the evolution of video games has blurred the limits among genres, there is enough evidence that action video games require higher attention or spatial demands than, for example, simulation games (Bediou et al., 2018; Sala et al., 2018).”
BackgroundShort video game play improves executive function in the oldest old living in residential care
McCord, A., Cocks, B., Barreiros, A. R., & Bizo, L. A. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106337 · Cited by 31
West, R., Swing, E. L., Anderson, C. A., & Prot, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145160 · Cited by 30
“Our results are also interesting within the context of meta-analytic work demonstrating variability in the effect of video games on different aspects of executive function [5,7].”
Zioga, T., Ferentinos, A., Konsolaki, E., Nega, C., & Kourtesis, P. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14100874 · Cited by 34
“While numerous studies advocate for the cognitive and affective benefits of video game play, there is also substantial literature indicating no causal relationship between increased video game play and enhanced cognitive abilities [98,99].”
BackgroundTraining-induced improvement in working memory tasks results from switching to efficient strategies
Malinovitch, T., Jakoby, H., & Ahissar, M. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01824-6 · Cited by 29
May, R. J., Tyndall, I. T., McTiernan, A., Roderique‐Davies, G., & McLoughlin, S. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13192 · Cited by 39
Beneficios cognitivos, psicológicos y personales del uso de los videojuegos y esports: una revisión
García-Naveira, A., Toribio, M. J., Molero, B. T., & Suarez, A. (2018) · Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y el Ejercicio Físico · doi:10.5093/rpadef2018a15 · Cited by 27
Cognitive Training: Transfer Beyond the Laboratory?
Lintern, G., & Boot, W. R. (2019) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/0018720819879814 · Cited by 28
“Moreover, a recent meta-analysis by Sala, Tatlidil, and Gobet (2018), using a correction for statistical dependence (Cheung & Chan, 2004), found no transfer effect of video game training on cognitive performance.”
MethodDomhoff, G. W., & Schneider, A. (2018) · Dreaming · doi:10.1037/drm0000080 · Cited by 24
Schachar, R. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105461 · Cited by 28
Time on task matters most in video game expertise
Röhlcke, S., Bäcklund, C., Sörman, D. E., & Jonsson, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206555 · Cited by 24
Caroux, L., & Mouginé, A. (2021) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100471 · Cited by 25
Relationships between Dota 2 expertise and decision-making ability
Sörman, D. E., Dahl, K. E., Lindmark, D., Hansson, P., Vega‐Mendoza, M., & Ljungberg, J. K. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264350 · Cited by 29
“, [16]) suggest that videogames can improve cognitive functioning, such as reaction time, attention, and memory, while some report minor to non-effects [17].”
BackgroundNeural correlates of action video game experience in a visuospatial working memory task
Hazarika, J., & Dasgupta, R. (2018) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-018-3713-9 · Cited by 24
Nguyen, A., & Bavelier, D. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105386 · Cited by 30
Engelhard, M., & Kollins, S. H. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1077-1 · Cited by 21
Detecting patterns of engagement in a digital cognitive skills training game
Ober, T. M., Brenner, C. J., Olsen, A. F., Homer, B. D., & Plass, J. L. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104144 · Cited by 24
Howard, J., Bowden, V. K., & Visser, T. A. W. (2023) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.07.006 · Cited by 16
“For example, in their meta -analytic review, Sala et al. (2018) pointed to widespread evidence of null findings in the literature.”
BackgroundMcGloin, R., Wasserman, J. A., & Boyan, A. (2018) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v6i2.1326 · Cited by 19
Hong, J., Su, Y., Wang, J., Xu, X., Qu, W., Fan, H., Tan, Y., Wang, Z., Zhao, Y., & Tan, S. (2023) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2023.103584 · Cited by 18
Holm, S. K., Häikiö, T., Olli, K., & Kaakinen, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Eye Movement Research · doi:10.16910/jemr.14.2.3 · Cited by 20
“Even though these studies have sometimes been criticized (see Hilgard et al., 2019; Sala et al., 2018), they suggest that there is a link between individual differences in visual attention skills and performance in cognitively demanding dynamic scenes.”
BackgroundAssociations Between Video Game Engagement and ADHD Symptoms in Early Adolescence
Tiraboschi, G. A., West, G. L., Boers, E., Bohbot, V. D., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547211073473 · Cited by 16
“However, these findings are currently under debate (Boot et al., 2011, 2013; Sala et al., 2017; Tiraboschi et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPodlogar, N., & Podlešek, A. (2022) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2022-2-8 · Cited by 19
“Another metaanalysis published the same year (Sala et al., 2018) showed smaller effects of action video game play compared to Bediou et al. (2018).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAction Video-Game Training and Its Effects on Perception and Attentional Control
Green, C. S., Gorman, T. E., & Bavelier, D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42662-4_10 · Cited by 22
Mechanisms of working memory training: Insights from individual differences
Meiran, N., Dreisbach, G., & von Bastian, C. C. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.01.010 · Cited by 18
“conclusions are quite disappointing, with far-transfer benefits estimates ranging between complete absence (Melby-Lervåg, Redick, & Hulme, 2016; Sala et al., 2018), to very modest, perhaps almost negligible and short-lived (Au et al.”
BackgroundN-Back Task Training Helps to Improve Post-error Performance
Li, Q., Long, Q., Hu, N., Tang, Y., & Chen, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00370 · Cited by 17
“…training has been widely expected to transfer to other performances; however, transfer of WM training to different but related tasks is often either absent or negligible, despite gains in trained WM tasks being consistently large (Au et al., 2014; Melby-Lervåg et al., 2016; Sala et al., 2018).”
BackgroundCognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysisPreprint
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. R. (2020) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7s8wr · Cited by 19
Self-citationMagnitude of sex differences in visual search varies with target eccentricity
English, M. C. W., Maybery, M. T., & Visser, T. A. W. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01796-7 · Cited by 15
“…videogames, especially action-oriented games requiring quick reflexes, has been associated with improvements across numerous spatial tasks, including visual search (for a review, see Dye et al., 2009), though recent work suggests that the transfer of skills is small, at best (Sala et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAction Video Games DO NOT Promote Visual Attention
Roque, N. A., & Boot, W. R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95495-0_9 · Cited by 16
Video games and creativity: The mediating role of psychological capital
Mercier, M., & Lubart, T. (2023) · Journal of Creativity · doi:10.1016/j.yjoc.2023.100050 · Cited by 17
McLoughlin, S., Tyndall, I. T., Pereira, A., & Mulhern, T. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-020-00187-z · Cited by 18
Shifting Minds: A Quantitative Reappraisal of Cognitive-Intervention Research
Moreau, D. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620950696 · Cited by 16
“In addition, brain training, video gaming, mindset, and stereotype threat are research areas that have all gained traction recently, and there are large-scale efforts to replicate early findings or to meta-analyze results (Forscher et al., 2019; MelbyLervåg et al., 2016; Sala et al., 2018; Sisk et al., 2018; Stoet & G…”
BackgroundInteractive Science Multimedia and Visuospatial Processing
Castro-Alonso, J. C., & Fiorella, L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20969-8_6 · Cited by 16
Disentangling the far transfer of language comprehension gains using latent mediation models
Melby‐Lervåg, M., Hagen, Å. M. M., & Lervåg, A. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12929 · Cited by 15
An Expectancy Effect Causes Improved Visual Attention Performance After Video Game Playing
Tiraboschi, G. A., Fukusima, S. S., & West, G. L. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-019-00130-x · Cited by 15
Lewandowska, P., Jakubowska, N., Hryniewicz, N., Prusinowski, R., Kossowski, B., Brzezicka, A., & Kowalczyk‐Grębska, N. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25099-0 · Cited by 11
Effects of Nonaction Videogames on Attention and Memory in Young Adults
Ruiz-Marquez, E., Prieto, A. F., Mayas, J., Toril, P., Avilés, J. M. R., & Ballesteros, S. (2019) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2019.0004 · Cited by 15
“26 31 In this intervention study, participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group or an active control group, with the same number of training sessions and identical conditions.”
Dobrowolski, P., Skorko, M., Myśliwiec, M., Kowalczyk‐Grębska, N., Michalak, J., & Brzezicka, A. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-021-00211-w · Cited by 15
“…data converge to consistently demonstrate that video game players (VGPs) outperform non-video game players (NVGPs) on a wide range of cognitive tasks at medium effect sizes (Powers et al., 2013; Powers & Brooks, 2014; Bediou et al., 2018; Sala et al., 2018; for review, see: Green & Bavelier, 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCastro, Á. P., Raposo-Rivas, M., & Figueira, M. E. M. (2018) · REOP - Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía · doi:10.5944/reop.vol.29.num.3.2018.23323 · Cited by 14
Perceptual-Cognitive Demands of Esports and Team Sports: A Comparative Study
Grushko, A. I., Morozova, O., Ostapchuk, M. A., & Korobeynikova, E. Y. (2021) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71637-0_4 · Cited by 13
Fabio, R. A., Ingrassia, M., & Massa, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010078 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Sala, G., Tatlidil, K. S., & Gobet, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sala, Giovanni
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 144
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-139
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2774567158
- Semantic Scholar
- 8277efd3aba67e9b4d663908aa767da9dca990cb
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 241
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 19
- FWCI
- 32.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (17F17313)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Games and Gamification
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Games and Media
- Keywords
- video game training, cognitive ability, far transfer, skill generalization, cognitive training, working memory training, cognitive control, attention, spatial ability, visual processing
- MeSH terms
- Aptitude, Cognition, Humans, Practice, Psychological, Transfer, Psychology, Video Games
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