Construction and initial validation of the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black women.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of gendered racial microaggressions (i.e., subtle and everyday verbal, behavioral, and environmental expressions of oppression based on the intersection of one's race and gender) experienced by Black women by applying an intersectionality framework to Essed's (1991) theory of gendered racism and Sue, Capodilupo, et al.'s (2007) model of racial microaggressions. The Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale (GRMS), was developed to assess both frequency and stress appraisal of microaggressions, in 2 separate studies. After the initial pool of GRMS items was developed, we received input from a community-based focus group of Black women and an expert panel. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 259 Black women resulted in a multidimensional scale with 4 factors as follows: (a) Assumptions of Beauty and Sexual Objectification, (b) Silenced and Marginalized, (c) Strong Black Woman Stereotype, and (d) Angry Black Woman Stereotype. In Study 2, results of confirmatory factor analyses using an independent sample of 210 Black women suggested that the 4-factor model was a good fit of the data for both the frequency and stress appraisal scales. Supporting construct validity, the GRMS was positively related to the Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (Nadal, 2011) and the Schedule of Sexist Events (Klonoff & Landrine, 1995). In addition, the GRMS was significantly related to psychological distress, such that greate…
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Structural racism scholars have recommended methodological approaches to better capture the multidimensional nature of structural racism, including the development of an index of variables or a latent construct, as well as structural equation modeling.
“Structural racism scholars have recommended methodological approaches to better capture the mutli-dimensional nature of structural racism including the development of an index of variables or a latent construct, as well as structural equation modeling [32–35].”
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“In 2015, the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale (GRMS; Lewis and Neville 2015) was developed and validated to assess gendered racial microaggressions among African American women.”
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- Authors
- Lewis, J. A., & Neville, H. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Counseling Psychology
- Published
- 2015-04
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 289-302
- ISSN
- 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2168
- OpenAlex
- W2144178534
- Cited by
- 468
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 71.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Feminist Theory and Gender Studies
- Keywords
- gendered racial microaggressions, Black women, intersectionality, scale development, gendered racism, stress appraisal, psychological distress, racial microaggressions, sexism
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aggression, Black or African American, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Sexual Behavior, Stereotyping, Stress, Psychological, Focus Groups, Young Adult, Racism, Sexism
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