Perceived Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review

Pieterse, Alex L.; Todd, Nathan R.; Neville, Helen A.; Carter, Robert T.

doi:10.1037/a0026208

Cited by 650Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesCounseling Practices and Supervision

Perceived Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review

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Pieterse, Alex L., Todd, Nathan R., Neville, Helen A., Carter, Robert T.·2012·Journal of Counseling Psychology

DOI 10.1037/a0026208

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Abstract

The literature indicates that perceived racism tends to be associated with adverse psychological and physiological outcomes; however, findings in this area are not yet conclusive. In this meta-analysis, we systematically reviewed 66 studies (total sample size of 18,140 across studies), published between January 1996 and April 2011, on the associations between racism and mental health among Black Americans. Using a random-effects model, we found a positive association between perceived racism and psychological distress (r = .20). We found a moderation effect for psychological outcomes, with anxiety, depression, and other psychiatric symptoms having a significantly stronger association than quality of life indicators. We did not detect moderation effects for type of racism scale, measurement precision, sample type, or type of publication. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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The magnitude of associations in this meta-analysis was similar to or slightly higher than findings from previous meta-analyses that focused on specific ethnic/racial population groups.
“The magnitude of associations in our meta-analysis was similar (or slightly higher) than findings from previous meta-analyses that focused on these specific ethnic/racial population groups [28–31].”
From Racism as a Determinant of Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [31]

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Authors: Pieterse, A. L., Todd, N. R., Neville, H. A., & Carter, R. T.
Affiliations: State University of New York (US)
DePaul University (US)
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
Columbia University (US)
ORCID: Pieterse, Alex L.
Todd, Nathan R.
Neville, Helen A.
Carter, Robert T.
Venue: Journal of Counseling Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 59
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-9
ISSN: 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
1939-2168
DOI: 10.1037/a0026208
OpenAlex: W2154539735
Cited by: 649
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 62.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University Libraries (University of Maryland) (submittedVersion)
Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Keywords: perceived racism, mental health, African Americans, psychological distress, anxiety, depression, psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, racial discrimination
MeSH terms: Anxiety Disorders, Black or African American, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Mental Health, Prejudice, Quality of Life, Social Perception, Black People

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Perceived Racism and Mental Health Among Black American Adults: A Meta-Analytic Review

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