The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena.
Abstract
A theory of self-perception is proposed to provide an alternative interpretation for several of the major phenomena embraced by Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance and to explicate some of the secondary patterns of data that have appeared in dissonance experiments. It is suggested that the attitude statements which comprise the major dependent variables in dissonance experiments may be regarded as interpersonal judgments in which the observer and the observed happen to be the same individual and that it is unnecessary to postulate an aversive motivational drive toward consistency to account for the attitude change phenomena observed. Supporting experiments are presented, and metatheoretical contrasts between the "radical " behavioral approach utilized and the phenomenological approach typified by dissonance theory are discussed.
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In the citing paper
“Bem (1967) found that, based on this procedural information alone, observers could accurately estimate how the participants had completed the evaluative ratings in the original study.”
From Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects (2025) · cites this paper as Bem 1967
In the citing paper
“Consistent with this analysis are two studies that stand out in the literature as rare instances of failures to find the correspondence bias.”
From Suspicion and Dispositional Inference (1993) · cites this paper as Bem's (1967)
In the citing paper
“Not only did the subjects in the low-incentive condition infer a more positive “real” attitude toward the task than the other subjects”
From Suspicion and Dispositional Inference (1993) · cites this paper as Bem's (1967)
In the citing paper
“but the subjects in the high-incentive condition made inferences that did not differ from those of control subjects who did not hear the target express any attitude toward the task.”
From Suspicion and Dispositional Inference (1993) · cites this paper as Bem's (1967)
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
Mead, G. H., Joas, H., Huebner, D. R., & Morris, C. W. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226112879.001.0001 · Cited by 12,419
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957) · Cited by 9,433
Kilzer, E., & Skinner, B. F. (1953) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3707860 · Cited by 8,940
Ryle, G. (2006) · Rowman & Littlefield Publishers eBooks · doi:10.5040/9798216413257.ch-2 · Cited by 6,804
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223 · cited 1×
“For example, by manipulating the ex-ternal cues of the situation, Schachter and Singer (1962) were able to evoke self-descriptions of emotional states as disparate as euphoria and anger from 5s in whom operationally identical states of physiological arousal had been induced.”
Cognitive consequences of forced compliance.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041593 · Cited by 2,945
Conflict, Decision and Dissonance
L., J., & Festinger, L. (1965) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.2307/3318996 · Cited by 1,356
Explorations in cognitive dissonance.
Brehm, J. W., & Cohen, A. R. (1962) · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1037/11622-000 · Cited by 1,147
An experimental analysis of self-persuasion
Bem, D. J. (1965) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(65)90026-0 · Cited by 632
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Nanay, B. (2026) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.70258
“This is an important contrast with an early competitor of the cognitive dissonance theory, the so-called “self-perception theory” (Bem, 1967; Bem & McConnell, 1970).”
Dechesne (2000) · doi:10.1002/1099-0992(200011/12)30:6
Metadata
- Authors
- Bem, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bem, Daryl J.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1967
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 183-200
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2138612226
- Cited by
- 2,959
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 101 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 98 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 86
- FWCI
- 140.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- self-perception, cognitive dissonance, attitude change, interpersonal judgment, self-consistency, phenomenological method, behavioral approach, metatheory
- MeSH terms
- Behavior, Humans, Perception, Self Concept
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