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Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.
Abstract
Ss overheard an epileptic seizure. They believed either that they alone heard the emergency, or that 1 or 4 unseen others were also present. As predicted the presence of other bystanders reduced the individual's feelings of personal responsibility and lowered his speed of reporting (p < .01). In groups of size 3, males reported no faster than females, and females reported no slower when the 1 other bystander was a male rather than a female. In general, personality and background measures were not predictive of helping. Bystander inaction in real-life emergencies is often explained by apathy, alienation, and anomie. This experiment suggests that the explanation may lie more in the bystander's response to other observers than in his indifference to the victim.
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“Darley and Latan e (1968) showed that people in larger groups feel less responsible and less personally addressed, which creates a bystander effect.”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e (1968)
In the citing paper
“Despite macroinfluencers' sponsored posts being exposed to a larger number of users (De Veirman, Cauberghe, and Hudders 2017), people in larger groups feel less responsible and addressed and then stand by rather than act (Darley and Latan e 1968).”
From Influencer Marketing on Instagram: Empirical Research on Social Media Engagement with Sponsored Posts (2022) · cites this paper as Darley and Latan e 1968
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“An important aspect of our experiments (Macpherson & Roberts, 2006) was that we borrowed the bystanderapathy paradigm (Darley & Latané, 1968) from human Corresponding Author: William A. Roberts, Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada E-mail: roberts@uwo.ca”
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Threatened suicide and baiting crowd formation: a replication and extension of Mann (1981)
Smith, C. M., Dzik, P., & Fornicola, E. (2019) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2019.1669488 · Cited by 5
“That is, people in large crowds are less identifiable and less likely to hold themselves personally accountable for their actions (Darley & Latané, 1968).”
BackgroundConceptualizing an approach to secondary prevention of relationship violence among college students
Laughon, K., Bloom, T., Amar, A. F., & Debnam, K. J. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1706535 · Cited by 5
“Researchers Latane and Darley began a program of social psychology research regarding how onlookers respond to emergencies and were the first (in 1970) to propose a theoretical foundation for bystander intervention, using a fivestep model.(18) Burn(19) later extended this model to bystander behavior specific to sexual…”
BackgroundKawagoe, T., Matsubae, T., & Takizawa, H. (2015) · Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review · doi:10.1007/s40844-017-0081-6 · Cited by 5
“A typical social situation is helping behavior of people witnessing an accident or crime, as best exemplified by the murder case of Kitty Genovese examined by Darley and Latané (1968).”
Brewster, Z. W., & Heffner, A. V. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/10963480211020098 · Cited by 5
“…in social psychology as a framework for understanding variability in individuals’ willingness to intervene or remain passive when witnessing a person in distress (Darley & Latane, 1968), it was subsequently extended to understand peoples’ reactions to observed manifestations of racial prejudice.”
BackgroundAmbiguity aversion, group size, and deliberation: Costly information and decision accuracy
Guha, B. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.07.014 · Cited by 5
Altruistic responses to the most vulnerable involve sensorimotor processes
Vickers, B. D., Seidler, R. D., Stansfield, R. B., Weissman, D. H., & Preston, S. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1140986 · Cited by 7
“, (29)] or inquire as to their welfare or offer help (30).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Darley, J. M., & Latane, B.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1968
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4, Pt.1
- Pages
- 377-383
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2171602877
- Semantic Scholar
- a17d8ee9f157ebeb2f520406c1d79346ceb532c8
- Cited by
- 3,083
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 175 · 2018: 168 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 138 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 113.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychology of Social Influence
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Keywords
- bystander intervention, diffusion of responsibility, emergency situations, helping behavior, personal responsibility, group size, gender differences, apathy, anomie, alienation
- MeSH terms
- Character, Conflict, Psychological, Decision Making, Emergencies, Female, Group Processes, Group Structure, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Perception, Psychology, Social, Reaction Time, Sex Factors
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